Abstract:Garlic has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Garlic reduces the risk of some diseases. This protective effect is due to the organosulfur compounds of garlic. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition effects of garlic-derived compounds on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and as the most important anti-HIV-1 medicine. The activation of saquinavir is believed to be the principal mechanism behind the protective effects of HIV-1. Our theoretical calculations ar… Show more
“…", 1998 ; Walder et al, 1997 ). Molecular docking study of ajoene found that it can potentially bind with HIV-1 protein which also supports its anti-HIV activity ( Gökalp, 2018 ). Fig.…”
Background
Garlic (
Allium sativum
L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.
Scope and approach
The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review.
Key findings and conclusions
Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
“…", 1998 ; Walder et al, 1997 ). Molecular docking study of ajoene found that it can potentially bind with HIV-1 protein which also supports its anti-HIV activity ( Gökalp, 2018 ). Fig.…”
Background
Garlic (
Allium sativum
L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.
Scope and approach
The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review.
Key findings and conclusions
Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
“…In recent years, antibiotic-resistance against microorganisms has become a serious issue, thus substantial attention is being given to the antimicrobial activities of spices, such as garlic, because of their inhibitory effects against pathogenic viruses [128], bacteria [129], yeast [130], and fungi [131]. The antimicrobial mechanism of garlic may include the inhibition of extracellular enzymes, the deprival of the substrates needed for microbial growth, the morphological change and the anti-adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells [132].…”
Garlic is a polyphenolic and organosulfur enriched nutraceutical spice consumed since ancient times. Garlic and its secondary metabolites have shown excellent health-promoting and disease-preventing effects on many human common diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, blood pressure, and diabetes, through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering properties, as demonstrated in several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the consumption of garlic, garlic preparation, garlic extract, and garlic extract-derived bioactive constituents on oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, skin, bone, and other common diseases. Among the 83 human interventional trials considered, the consumption of garlic has been reported to modulate multiple biomarkers of different diseases; in addition, its combination with drugs or other food matrices has been shown to be safe and to prolong their therapeutic effects. The rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability that have limited the therapeutic use of garlic in the last years are also discussed.
“…Organosulfurs (such as allicin and alliin) and flavonoids (such as quercetin) are the main antiviral components of garlic extract ( 29 ). The antiviral potential of garlic has been widely reported against various viruses such as HIV ( 30 ), dengue virus ( 31 ), herpes simplex virus ( 32 ), and influenza virus ( 33 ). The anti-influenza activity of garlic extract may be due to inhibition of viral replication or blocking virus budding from infected cells ( 33 ).…”
Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus are two important viruses that cause respiratory tract diseases. The high-frequency mutation of the two types of viruses leads to failure of the durable immune protection of vaccines, meanwhile it also poses continuous challenges to the development of antiviral drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine contains large number of biologically active compounds, and some of them contain broad-spectrum antiviral ingredients. In this study, we extracted antiviral active ingredients from medicinal and edible plants by biotransformation and enzymatic hydrolysis as a drug, and we named this drug Ren's oligopeptide. Further, we analyzed the antiviral activity of this drug and found that Ren's oligopeptide could inhibit the replication of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus with high anti-virus activities. In vitro experiments showed that the antiviral activity of the Ren's oligopeptide mainly targets the replication process after virus enters the cell. Therefore, Ren's oligopeptide is a promising drug against influenza and COVID-19.
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