The influences of gender and income inequality on cross-national variations in lethal violence

Valdimarsdóttir, Margrét

doi:10.13177/irpa.a.2018.14.2.5

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…Looking toward theories related to gender equality and violence, backlash theory suggests that gender equality is a threat to traditional patriarchal norms and thus will result in increased violence in a community (Brownmiller, 1975), while the ameliorative hypothesis, from the liberal feminist perspective, suggests that gender equality will bring about less violence (Daly & Chesney-Lind, 1988). Although these hypotheses are typically used to predict violence against women (e.g., Ellis & Beattie, 1983; Martin et al, 2006; Whaley & Messner, 2002), scholars often argue that feminist perspectives on violence be expanded to also consider other forms of violence (Mills et al, 2020; Valdimarsdóttir, 2018), and violent state behavior such as the death penalty (Schmuhl et al, 2018). As it relates to punishment, drawing from the backlash hypothesis, it may be the case that increases in gender equality will, in turn, increase the perceived threat in a community and lead to the exertion of control from dominant groups (Messerschmidt, 1993; Ryon, 2013).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial and Gender Threat and the Death Penalty: A County-Level Examination of Sociopolitical Factors Influencing Death Sentences

Schmuhl

Mills

Silva

et al. 2022

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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The death penalty is a local phenomenon with 15% of U.S. counties responsible for passing death sentences since 1976. Although state-level research has contributed a greater understanding of abolition and state-level factors surrounding the death penalty, it remains crucially important to understand the sociopolitical context of counties as key decision-makers in death penalty cases. Findings from our study suggest that both racial and gender threats are important predictors of death sentences within these communities. Specifically, counties with Black populations greater than the state median experience increases in all death sentences, while gender equality in education produces an ameliorative effect on death sentencing. The persistence of extralegal factors, especially racial bias, influencing death sentencing suggests that these relationships be carefully considered in the research and administration of capital sentencing.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial and Gender Threat and the Death Penalty: A County-Level Examination of Sociopolitical Factors Influencing Death Sentences

Schmuhl

Mills

Silva

et al. 2022

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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Far-right violence as backlash against gender equality: A county-level analysis of structural and ideological gender inequality and homicides committed by far-right extremists

Mills

Schmuhl

Capellan

2020

Journal of Crime and Justice

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Hate as Backlash: A County-Level Analysis of White Supremacist Mobilization in Response to Racial and Gender “Threats”

et al. 2023

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Given the resurgence and mainstreaming of the American far-right in recent years, there is an urgent need to better understand the etiology of recent white supremacist mobilization. In the current study, we investigate white supremacist mobilization primarily as a backlash against two threats perceived by white supremacists: racial threat and gender threat. This study extends the defended neighborhoods and feminist perspectives – frameworks previously used to explain hate and extremist violence – to explain legal white supremacist mobilization. Using data from the Anti-Defamation League, we utilize a series of negative binomial regressions analyzing white supremacist mobilization – as measured by propaganda incidents – at the county level between 2017 and 2020. Findings indicate that white supremacist mobilization is a backlash response to 1) the influx of nonwhite, Black, and Hispanic residents into white areas; 2) the presence of Jewish visibility as a measure of ethnoreligious minority group threat; and 3) gender equality in income, occupational status, and the labor force. Gender equality in education however does appear to have an ameliorative effect on white supremacist mobilization. On balance, the current study finds support for backlash explanations of white supremacist mobilization and demonstrates the utility of applying perspectives used to explain violence, including hate and extremist violence, to explain white supremacist mobilization.

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The influences of gender and income inequality on cross-national variations in lethal violence

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Racial and Gender Threat and the Death Penalty: A County-Level Examination of Sociopolitical Factors Influencing Death Sentences

Racial and Gender Threat and the Death Penalty: A County-Level Examination of Sociopolitical Factors Influencing Death Sentences

Far-right violence as backlash against gender equality: A county-level analysis of structural and ideological gender inequality and homicides committed by far-right extremists

Hate as Backlash: A County-Level Analysis of White Supremacist Mobilization in Response to Racial and Gender “Threats”

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