Far-right violence as backlash against gender equality: A county-level analysis of structural and ideological gender inequality and homicides committed by far-right extremists

Mills, Colleen E.; Schmuhl, Margaret; Capellan, Joel A.

doi:10.1080/0735648x.2020.1738261

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The recent over-ruling of the Roe vs. Wade decision, which has guaranteed women's reproductive rights in the U.S. since 1973, illustrates the real threat to gender equality under the current global wave of ultraconservative populism (Graff & Korolczuk, 2021;Juhasz, 2018). Gender backlash and discrimination is costly for women (Mills et al, 2020;Milner et al, 2020), who may experience vicarious distress from gender discrimination even when its cues are subtle and indirect (McCarty et al, 2022). The role of women's gender identification in experiencing distress at the exclusion of other women is still unclear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional Parochial Vicarious Ostracism: Gender Collective Narcissism Predicts Distress at the Exclusion of the Gender Ingroup in Women and Men

Zavala

2022

Sex Roles

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Three experiments (two pre-registered) tested whether gender collective narcissism (i.e., a belief that one’s gender ingroup’s exceptionality is not sufficiently recognized by others) predicts parochial vicarious ostracism (i.e., feeling ostracized and distressed while recognizing the gender ingroup’s exclusion, but not when recognizing the exclusion of the gender outgroup). In all studies (overall N = 1480), gender collective narcissism was positively associated with distress among women who witnessed the exclusion of women, but not among men who witnessed the exclusion of women. In Study 3, gender collective narcissism was positively associated with distress among men who witnessed the exclusion of men, but not among women who witnessed the exclusion of men. These findings help explain why men do not universally feel distressed by the discrimination of women and why some women may mobilize to challenge gender discrimination.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional Parochial Vicarious Ostracism: Gender Collective Narcissism Predicts Distress at the Exclusion of the Gender Ingroup in Women and Men

Zavala

2022

Sex Roles

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“…This coincides with the early emergence of third-wave feminism and policies aimed at reducing violence against women at the local, state, and national levels (Chaiken et al, 2001; Ford et al, 2002). Like violence by far right extremists (Mills et al, 2020; Piazza, 2017), it is possible that male resentment of societal changes related to women’s empowerment increases the likelihood of men engaging in more extreme forms of performative violence. In such cases, the target of the perpetrator’s violence appears to matter less to the perpetrator than performing the act of violence itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Based Mass Shootings: An Examination of Attacks Motivated by Grievances Against Women

Silva

Capellan

Schmuhl

et al. 2021

Violence Against Women

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This study provides a quantitative examination of gender-based mass shootings in America from 1966–2018. Gender-based mass shootings refer to attacks motivated by grievances against women, divided into four categories based on a specific woman or women in general, as well as whether they directly target the source of their grievances. Findings indicate that specific woman–targeted shooters were the most common and significantly different from their counterparts in their domestic violence history, racial diversity, and engagement in spree attacks. When comparing all gender-based attacks against other mass shootings, significant differences include relationship status, children, domestic violence history, substance abuse history, and suicide. This investigation provides implications for gender and mass shooting scholars, as well as practitioners developing strategies for intervention and prevention.

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“…To take a historical example, Stewart and Kitchens (2021) observed a positive correlation between Black literacy rates in a given county and White individuals' acts of aggression against Black people in that county during the long period of Reconstruction that followed the US Civil War. In a more recent analysis based on the United States Extremist Crimes Database, Mills et al (2020) observed a positive association between county-levels of gender parity and far-right violence in that county. Thus, progress toward equality is sometimes met with reactionary violence.…”

Section: How Policy Backlash Impedes Progress Toward Equalitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In a more recent analysis based on the United States Extremist Crimes Database, Mills et al. (2020) observed a positive association between county‐levels of gender parity and far‐right violence in that county. Thus, progress toward equality is sometimes met with reactionary violence.…”

Section: How Policy Backlash Impedes Progress Toward Equalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

System justification motivation as a source of backlash against equality‐promoting policies—and what to do about it

Liaquat

Jost

Balcetis

2023

Social Issues Policy Review

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One of the most pressing tasks facing policymakers in the 21st century is reducing stark group‐based inequalities that have developed within many societies because of centuries of structural discrimination. However, efforts to redress group disparities through equality‐promoting policies are frequently met with policy backlash and countermobilization. We describe several social psychological contributors to policy backlash, distinguishing between identity‐based and ideology‐based processes. While the role of identity politics in driving support and opposition to policies pertaining to race, gender, and sexual orientation is well‐known, less attention has been given to the role of ideological motivation, including individual and group differences in system justification tendencies to defend and bolster the societal status quo. In this article, we develop a framework based on system justification theory to understand why backlash against equality‐promoting policies occurs, when such backlash is most likely to occur, and who is most likely to be countermobilized against such policies. From this perspective, policy backlash is motivated not only by the desire on the part of advantaged group members to maintain their own existing privileges but also by the broader desire to maintain the perceived legitimacy and stability of the overarching social system. We make recommendations about how leaders can develop and communicate about equality‐promoting policies in a way that reduces the likelihood of backlash due to system justification motivation.

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Far-right violence as backlash against gender equality: A county-level analysis of structural and ideological gender inequality and homicides committed by far-right extremists

Cited by 10 publications

References 55 publications

Conditional Parochial Vicarious Ostracism: Gender Collective Narcissism Predicts Distress at the Exclusion of the Gender Ingroup in Women and Men

Conditional Parochial Vicarious Ostracism: Gender Collective Narcissism Predicts Distress at the Exclusion of the Gender Ingroup in Women and Men

Gender-Based Mass Shootings: An Examination of Attacks Motivated by Grievances Against Women

System justification motivation as a source of backlash against equality‐promoting policies—and what to do about it

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