The influence of wet and dry granulation methods on the pore structure of lactose tablets

Selkirk, A.B.; Ganderton, D.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1970.tb08585.x

Cited by 34 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Tablets containing lactose/sucrose granules Pore size distribution, porosity (Selkirk and Ganderton, 1970b) 1970 Micromeritics Porosimeter Model 905-1…”

Section: Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review

Markl

Strobel

Schlossnikl

et al. 2018

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

104

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Traditionally, the development of a new solid dosage form is formulation-driven and less focus is put on the design of a specific microstructure for the drug delivery system. However, the compaction process particularly impacts the microstructure, or more precisely, the pore architecture in a pharmaceutical tablet. Besides the formulation, the pore structure is a major contributor to the overall performance of oral solid dosage forms as it directly affects the liquid uptake rate, which is the very first step of the dissolution process. In future, additive manufacturing is a potential game changer to design the inner structures and realise a tailor-made pore structure. In pharmaceutical development the pore structure is most commonly only described by the total porosity of the tablet matrix. Yet it is of great importance to consider other parameters to fully resolve the interplay between microstructure and dosage form performance. Specifically, tortuosity, connectivity, as well as pore shape, size and orientation all impact the flow paths and play an important role in describing the fluid flow in a pharmaceutical tablet. This review presents the key properties of the pore structures in solid dosage forms and it discusses how to measure these properties. In particular, the principles, advantages and limitations of helium pycnometry, mercury porosimetry, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray computed microtomography are discussed.

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“…Tablets containing lactose/sucrose granules Pore size distribution, porosity (Selkirk and Ganderton, 1970b) 1970 Micromeritics Porosimeter Model 905-1…”

Section: Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review

Markl

Strobel

Schlossnikl

et al. 2018

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…slugging and roller compaction. Metallic substances enable particle size enlargement for dry granulation processes, which can be performed in high shear mixers (Selkirk & Ganderton, 1970). The powder particles in these processes are enlarged up to granules with a particle size range from 0.1 to 2.0mm or palletised in the presence of binder using palletising machine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of a Plastic Film Granulating Machine

Lawrence¹

2018

J. Adv. Sci. Eng.

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Plastic film granulating machine is an industrial machine used for reducing plastic materials, mostly for grinding plastic into granules of uniform sizes for further processing either into new plastic shapes or recycled back to its parental source. This paper presents the use of locally sourced materials for realising the same machine; reducing its size and cost, while maintaining high efficiency, as well as decrease in vibration and increased shear efficiency with uniform size of granules. The machine consists of the hopper, the grinding chamber in which contains the shaft and cutting blades with a discharge unit. The plastic film granulator has a capacity of granulating 1kg of recycled plastic in 1h at 75% efficiency, a working revolution of 3000rpm, and power rating of 5.5hp engine. The machine works by principle of shearing, power is transferred from the motor to the granulating shaft with the aid of a transmission coupler that connects them. The inlet plastics are granulated until the desired size is achieved, small enough to pass through the discharge screen.

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“…The impressive dissolution/drug-release characteristics of NaMMT tablets are correlated with the high powder porosity and disintegration quality of NaMMT. This may be attributed to reasonably high electronegativity, high hydration energy and the small size of Na ions (compared with that of Al and Si ions in kaolinite), coupled with capillary actions; these most likely encouraged large water uptake leading to fast disintegration and dissolution of the tablets with the attendant bioavailability of the active ingredients (Washburn, 1921;Selkirk and Ganderton, 1970;Lee, 1996;Shannon, 1976). …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, the disintegration qualities of the NaMMT tablets improved with increasing concentration of disintegrant within the range studied, with 15% NaMMT formulation closely matching that of the reference MS tablets (2.10min and 1.54min, respectively). The sodium ions in NaMMT being small sized, reasonably electronegative with higher hydration energy, coupled with high powder porosity in the disintegrant, and capillary actions, probably encouraged absorption of water into the matrix, leading to fast disintegration of the tablets (Washburn, 1921;Selkirk and Ganderton, 1970;Lee, 1996;Shannon, 1976).The overriding quality of a tablet depends on the rate at which active principles are released in an appropriate medium through dissolution. Figures 1 and 2 summarize the dissolution and drug release properties of paracetamol tablets compounded with the two proposed disintegrants (NaMMT and KO) as compared with those of the reference standard disintegration MS. An ideal tablet releases at least 70% of the active ingredient in not more than 30minutes (Amodu, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Novel applications of locally sourced montmorillonite (MMT) clay as a disintegrant in the formulation of pharmaceutical product

Okolo¹,

Omonmhenle²,

Abdulsalaam³

et al. 2015

Bayero J. Pure App. Sci.

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This work explores the application of a locally sourced raw material, montmorillonite (MMT) clay, as a disintegrant in the formulation of an analgesic pharmaceutical product -paracetamol. The raw MMT was refined and treated with 0.IM NaCl to yield sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT) and the powder properties established in this work were compared with those of purified kaolinite (KO) clay and a reference standard disintegrant -maize starch (MS). Separately, the NaMMT, KO and MS powders were employed as disintegrants to compound paracetamol tablets. Some of the physical properties of the tablets were determined. Results of some powder properties showed that NaMMT and KO had superior angles of repose (40.20 º and 34.40 º , respectively) compared with the reference standard disintegrant MS (56.00%). Sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT) showed better swelling capacity (1.81) than both KO and MS (1.40 and 1.56, respectively), while MS and NaMMT exhibited comparable water retention capacity (3.04% and 2.90%, respectively). The porosity of MS (31.94%) was only slightly better than that of NaMMT (30.00%). For the physical properties of the tablets, the dissolution characteristic of NaMMT was slightly better than that of MS: for example, the percentage amount of 15% NaMMT and MS dissolved in 0.1M HCl solution at 30minutes duration were 75.40% and 74.10%, respectively; and at 50minutes duration, it was 85.10% and 82.10%, respectively. On the other hand, the disintegration property of MS (1.54min) was slightly better than that of NaMMT (2.10min). Kaolinite (KO) failed both the dissolution and integration tests, with only 0.31% dissolving even after 1hr and requiring more than 30min to disintegrate. The friability and hardness tests showed that NaMMT was superior to both MS and KO. Overall, the sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT) was found to hold strong prospect as a disintegrant in the formulation and compounding of certain solid, compact pharmaceutical dosages.

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The influence of wet and dry granulation methods on the pore structure of lactose tablets

Cited by 34 publications

References 9 publications

Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review

Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review

Design and Fabrication of a Plastic Film Granulating Machine

Novel applications of locally sourced montmorillonite (MMT) clay as a disintegrant in the formulation of pharmaceutical product

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