“…Past studies on VIS and sentencing have, with little exception, found smallto-moderate effects on outcome measures (e.g. Butler, 2008;Luginbuhl & Burkhead, 1995;Gordon & Brodsky, 2007;Green-McGowan & Myers, 2004;Myers & Arbuthnot, 1999;Myers et al, 2002Nadler & Rose, 2003). Moreover, the degree of suffering expressed in the VIS was quite extensive, and certainly no less than the suffering expressed in cases such as Booth, Gathers, or Payne.…”