The influence of time and irrigant refreshment on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals

Abstract

Pereira TC, Dijkstra RJB, Petridis X, van der Meer WJ, Sharma P, de Andrade FB, van der Sluis LWM. The influence of time and irrigant refreshment on biofilm removal from lateral morphological features of simulated root canals.

The response of dual‐species bacterial biofilm to 2% and 5% NaOCl mixed with etidronic acid: A laboratory real‐time evaluation using optical coherence tomography

“…The initial volumetric expansion of the biofilms as a response to their exposure to 2% NaOCl and 2% NaOCl/HEDP can be attributed first, to the mild anti‐biofilm action of the low NaOCl concentration that fails to remove a considerable amount of biofilm (as opposed to the 5% NaOCl concentration), and secondly to the biofilm viscoelastic properties (Busanello et al, 2019; Busscher et al, 2003; Pereira et al, 2020; Petridis et al, 2019a). Viscoelastic behaviour seems to be a trait common to biofilms that are submitted to a shear force imposed by the laminar flow.…”

A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study irrigants and irrigation systems

“…Biofilm can be grown under static conditions, which may lead to the nutrient supply becoming scarce at some stage (Kishen & Haapasalo, 2012; Merritt et al, 2005). Alternatively, it can be grown under dynamic conditions in flow chambers (Chávez de Paz et al, 2010) or fermenting devices (Pereira et al, 2020; Petridis et al, 2019) where a controlled continuous flow of medium provides fresh nutrients and drains the old medium and the waste products (Busanello et al, 2019; Chin et al, 2006; Pavarina et al, 2011; Shen et al, 2012; Tolker‐Nielsen & Sternberg, 2011). It is likely that the exudate penetrating an infected root canal in vivo flows very slowly and the applied shear force is not strong enough to affect biofilm formation.…”

“…Changes in the biofilm structure (volume, thickness, porosity and roughness) after the application of an irrigant can be visualized and quantified through image analysis (Busanello et al, 2019;Wagner & Horn, 2017; Figure 6). It also provides a superior view of the substrate-biofilm and fluid-biofilm interfaces (Busanello et al, 2019;Pereira et al, 2020Pereira et al, , 2021a. Its spatial resolution is lower than other microscopy techniques such as SEM and CLSM but the field of view is larger, so it is possible to scan the entire specimen in a very short time.…”

The Effect of the Ultrasonic Irrigant Activation Protocol on the Removal of a Dual-species Biofilm from Artificial Lateral Canals

“…previously used to evaluate the performance of various irrigants and irrigation methods in vitro [16][17][18] . This biofilm has realistic viscoelastic properties 19 and resembles naturally cell-rich root canal biofilm formed under space limitations 14,[20][21][22] .…”

“…This biofilm has realistic viscoelastic properties 19 and resembles naturally cell-rich root canal biofilm formed under space limitations 14,[20][21][22] . In addition, neither syringe irrigation nor ultrasonic activation is able to eliminate this biofilm from artificial lateral canals [16][17][18] , so it could serve as an adequate challenge when comparing different ultrasonic activation protocols. In situ three-dimensional evaluation of the biofilm volume before and after irrigation using optical coherence tomography (OCT) could account for the inevitable variability in its volume even when it is grown in vitro under strictly controlled conditions 14,[21][22][23] .…”