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Cavitation was shown to occur in UAI at clinically relevant ultrasonic power settings in both straight and curved canals but not around sonically oscillating instruments, driven at their highest frequency.

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These results contribute to a better understanding of the optimum irrigant delivery time at given temperature, the cooling rate of irrigant in the syringe, and the influence of heated irrigant temperature in the periodontium, which should guide the preheated syringe turnover.

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The main objective of periodontal care is to reach and maintain a healthy periodontium. The definition of periodontal health plays a crucial role in population surveillance and the determination of critical therapeutic targets for clinicians. 1 Most studies traditionally regarded that a healthy periodontium is the opposite of case definitions of periodontal disease, as does the World Health Organization (WHO) defining health as an absence of illness. 2 Specifically, periodontal health refers to a state free from inflammation and characterized by shallow pockets and the absence of gingival bleeding. 3 However, there are a variety of case definitions, 4-6 and these definitions refer to an array of clinical signs and symptoms, such as probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP). 7 Consequently, we assume that there is heterogeneity in the definitions of periodontal health. The definition of

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