The influence of speed, cyclists’ age, pedaling frequency, and observer age on observers’ time to arrival judgments of approaching bicycles and e-bikes

Schleinitz, Katja; Petzoldt, Tibor; Krems, Josef F.; Gehlert, Tina

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.020

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…With previous studies demonstrating that drivers are poor at determining the speed of other vehicles, particularly when travelling at high speed ( Dommes, Cavallo, Vienne, & Aillerie, 2012 ), this is particularly relevant to the increase in the use of E-bikes (pedal cycles that provide electrical support). These bikes have been seen to reach higher speeds than conventional pedal cycles; therefore, drivers may misjudge their approaching speed ( Schleinitz, Petzoldt, Krems, & Gehlert, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers’ Visual Search Behavior Toward Vulnerable Road Users at Junctions as a Function of Cycling Experience

Robbins

Chapman

2018

Hum Factors

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Objectives:The current study investigated the behavior and visual attention of two groups of drivers with differing pedal cycling experience (pedal cyclists and nonpedal cyclists) towards vulnerable road users at junctions in a driving simulator.Background:Pedal cyclists and motorcyclists are involved in a disproportionate number of crashes given the distance they travel, with a high proportion of these crashes occurring at junctions. Many studies have found that car drivers who also hold a motorcycle license have increased awareness towards motorcycles.Methods:The task involved approaching a T-junction and turning right when it was deemed to be safe. In Study 1, the junction was controlled by a give way sign, and in Study 2, the junction was controlled by a stop sign. Each T-junction contained a target vehicle (car, motorcycle, or pedal cycle), approaching from a near, medium, or far distance from the junction.Results:Participants did not look at pedal cycles approaching from a far distance for as long as they looked at approaching motorcycles and cars, despite all vehicles travelling at identical speeds. No differences were found between pedal cyclists and nonpedal cyclists on any visual attention measures, indicating that pedal cycling experience was not associated with differences in drivers’ attention toward pedal cycles.Conclusions:Findings have implications for road safety, demonstrating subtle differences in drivers’ everyday visual attention toward differing vehicle types.Applications:This research has the potential to inform the development of in-car technical assistive systems, improving the safety of vulnerable road users at junctions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers’ Visual Search Behavior Toward Vulnerable Road Users at Junctions as a Function of Cycling Experience

Robbins

Chapman

2018

Hum Factors

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“…For instance, studies by DeLucia and colleagues (DeLucia, 1991(DeLucia, , 2004DeLucia, Preddy, & Oberfeld, 2016) showed that an approaching object's final optical size before it disappears (i.e., optical size on the final frame in degrees of visual angle, θ final ) affects judgments such that larger final optical sizes are associated with earlier arrival estimates. This Bsize-arrival effect^was reported not only in experiments using laboratory-type stimuli (e.g., a disc increasing in size presented on a blank background), but also in more naturalistic traffic-related settings (Caird & Hancock, 1994;Horswill, Helman, Ardiles, & Wann, 2005;Petzoldt, 2014;Schleinitz, Petzoldt, Krems, & Gehlert, 2016). Relative size may be considered a heuristic that does not reliably provide accurate TTC information (Braunstein, 1976;Cutting & Wang, 2000;DeLucia, 2004;Hosking & Crassini, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

Keshavarz

Campos

DeLucia

et al. 2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Estimating time to contact (TTC) involves multiple sensory systems, including vision and audition. Previous findings suggested that the ratio of an object's instantaneous optical size/sound intensity to its instantaneous rate of change in optical size/sound intensity (τ) drives TTC judgments. Other evidence has shown that heuristic-based cues are used, including final optical size or final sound pressure level. Most previous studies have used decontextualized and unfamiliar stimuli (e.g., geometric shapes on a blank background). Here we evaluated TTC estimates by using a traffic scene with an approaching vehicle to evaluate the weights of visual and auditory TTC cues under more realistic conditions. Younger (18-39 years) and older (65+ years) participants made TTC estimates in three sensory conditions: visual-only, auditory-only, and audio-visual. Stimuli were presented within an immersive virtual-reality environment, and cue weights were calculated for both visual cues (e.g., visual τ, final optical size) and auditory cues (e.g., auditory τ, final sound pressure level). The results demonstrated the use of visual τ as well as heuristic cues in the visual-only condition. TTC estimates in the auditory-only condition, however, were primarily based on an auditory heuristic cue (final sound pressure level), rather than on auditory τ. In the audio-visual condition, the visual cues dominated overall, with the highest weight being assigned to visual τ by younger adults, and a more equal weighting of visual τ and heuristic cues in older adults. Overall, better characterizing the effects of combined sensory inputs, stimulus characteristics, and age on the cues used to estimate TTC will provide important insights into how these factors may affect everyday behavior.

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“…Unsurprisingly, many of these studies focused on crash and injury epidemiology with research investigating electric bicycles and powered two-wheelers and comparisons with conventional bicycles [45,52,54]. Studies also addressed sub-groups of road users including stratification by age and gender [34,54,55] with research presented from numerous countries including Slovenia, Italy, France, Norway and China [34,46,54,56,57]. Other issues identified in these journals were the use of protective equipment [58], and the speeding and red-light running behaviours of road users [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility

O’Hern

Estgfaeller

2020

Sustainability

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Micromobility is an emerging field of transportation, referring to trips undertaken by a range of microvehicles. Microvehicles encompass both traditional and emerging types of light vehicles from conventional bicycles and powered-two wheelers, through to e-bikes and e-scooters, e-skateboards and “hoverboards”. The recent uptake in powered microvehicles emphasizes the need to understand the knowledge domain of micromobility research. This paper summarises the research status by identifying main contributors to and evolutionary trends in the field. The study applied scientometric analysis techniques to review 474 articles published between 1991 and 2020. The search on Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science database was guided by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) common vocabulary for powered micromobility. Results show a proliferation of research in the field of powered micromobility since 2012, which demonstrates that the growth in research is occurring alongside the increased availability of microvehicles and trips being made using microvehicles. A broad range of research topics including user behaviour, vehicle technology, planning, policy, health and safety were identified with the latter two found to be the most studied areas. Findings suggest many potential benefits of using micromobility and that the field will continue to grow, spurred by the popularity of shared e-scooter schemes. Greater collaboration in the field is desirable to broaden the dissemination of knowledge.

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The influence of speed, cyclists’ age, pedaling frequency, and observer age on observers’ time to arrival judgments of approaching bicycles and e-bikes

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Drivers’ Visual Search Behavior Toward Vulnerable Road Users at Junctions as a Function of Cycling Experience

Drivers’ Visual Search Behavior Toward Vulnerable Road Users at Junctions as a Function of Cycling Experience

Estimating the relative weights of visual and auditory tau versus heuristic-based cues for time-to-contact judgments in realistic, familiar scenes by older and younger adults

A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility

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