The influence of sex hormones on proinflammatory cytokines in gingiva of periodontally healthy premenopausal women

Abstract

The subclinical increase of IL-6 at progesterone peak is not accompanied by clinical changes in the periodontium.

Effect of the menstrual cycle on inflammatory cytokines in the periodontium

“…In the study of Markou et al, the highest IL-1b level was observed in the PmD phase, but the difference was not significant. The mean gingival crevicular fluid IL-1b level in the present study was increased during the different phases of the cycle; however, the changes were not significant (29). Similarly, Baser et al reported an increase in the IL-1b level in the PmD phase, the level being statistically significantly higher in this phase than in the OD and MD phases (20).…”

“…In the study of Markou et al ., the highest IL‐1β level was observed in the PmD phase, but the difference was not significant. The mean gingival crevicular fluid IL‐1β level in the present study was increased during the different phases of the cycle; however, the changes were not significant . Similarly, Baser et al .…”

“…This finding is inconsistent with the results of Baser et al (20), in which there were no remarkable differences in the gingival crevicular fluid TNF-a level among different phases, although the mean cytokine level in the PmD phase was higher than that in the other phases (20). Likewise, in the study of Markou et al (29), there was no significant difference in increased TNF-a level in ovulation and progesterone peak.…”

“…In spite of the increased IL‐1β level in the ovulation and progesterone peak reported in the study of Markou et al . , the difference was not significant. In the current research, the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in the gingival crevicular fluid increased from the MD phase to the PmD phase of the menstrual cycle.…”

“…Likewise, in the study of Markou et al . , there was no significant difference in increased TNF‐α level in ovulation and progesterone peak.…”