The Influence of Settings and Environmental Events on Metamotivational State and Arousal: Further Tests of Reversal Theory on Asian Samples

Impact of Test-Taking Setting on Conformist-Negativistic States and Measures

“…Although the present study does not offer definitive evidence that the test-taking situation affects conformist-negativistic states (cf. telic-paratelic states; see Bellew & Thatcher, 2002;Kerr & Tacon, 1999, 2000Kerr et al, 2002), these results suggest that the impact of respondent setting in the conformist-negativism domain may be more relevant for respondents to be more attentive to the constituent scale items and yield higher scale reliabilities.…”

“…The research questions addressed presently were two-fold: would test-taking setting impact (a) state levels and (b) resultant scale reliabilities? Given the nature of conformity in the typical on-site research setting, this study focused on the conformist-negativistic domain in an effort to explain any mean or reliability differences among scales (Kerr & Tacon, 1999, 2000Kerr et al, 2002).…”

“…(1) Based on the research of Tacon (1999, 2000) and Kerr et al (2002), who found that survey completion setting affected respondents' telic and paratelic states, we expected to observe significantly lower levels of conformity for participants completing the survey alone (either on campus or at home online) compared to those completing the survey among others. In other words, the presence of other participants would socially facilitate greater conformity based on group norms and social pressure.…”

“…During a lecture, Kerr and Tacon (2000) similarly had students complete a telic-paratelic measure before and after an unexpected break, and found that students were more likely to be in the paratelic state after the unexpected break. In a related study, Kerr, Hayashi, Matsumoto, and Miyamoto (2002) reported that when placing individuals in various settings representing different combinations of states and arousal levels, it yielded differences in participants' mean scores across a telic-paratelic measure. When placing participants in the same setting but giving them different environmental tasks to do, it similarly produced reversals in respondents' telic-paratelic states.…”

An Assessment of Consumers’ Willingness to Patronize Foreign-Based Business Format Franchises: An Investigation in the Fast-Food Sector

“…hobbies and lifestyles. Kerr and Tacon (1999) Reversal theory (Apter 1982) for understanding human psychological responses to different types of locations, settings and activities.…”