The influence of refereeing experiences judging offside actions in football

Campo, Vicente Luis del; Fariñas, Aitor Canelo; Márquez, Francisco Javier Domínguez; Martín, Jesús Morenas

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.03.004

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…After locating and perceiving a target, observers must decide whether to act on that information (e.g., note the presence of a radiological anomaly and throw a flag in football). Decision speed and accuracy often separate experts from novices, as experts have been found to be faster and/or more accurate than novices in sports (e.g., Alder et al 2014 ; Casanova et al 2013 ; Crespi et al 2012 ; Del Campo et al 2018 ; Hancock and Ste-Marie 2013 ; Piras et al 2017 ; Schnyder et al 2014 ; Williams et al 1994 ; Williams and Davids 1998 ), radiology (e.g., Litchfield and Donovan 2016 ; Manning et al 2006 ; Wood et al 2013 ), and many other domains (see Brams et al 2019 ). Beyond behavioral metrics of decision speed and accuracy, expertise effects can be observed in oculomotor behaviors, such as the duration observers spend examining specific items or areas (e.g., Nodine et al 1996 ), or the latency between viewing a target and identifying it as meaningful.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

et al. 2021

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Domain-specific expertise changes the way people perceive, process, and remember information from that domain. This is often observed in visual domains involving skilled searches, such as athletics referees, or professional visual searchers (e.g., security and medical screeners). Although existing research has compared expert to novice performance in visual search, little work has directly documented how accumulating experiences change behavior. A longitudinal approach to studying visual search performance may permit a finer-grained understanding of experience-dependent changes in visual scanning, and the extent to which various cognitive processes are affected by experience. In this study, participants acquired experience by taking part in many experimental sessions over the course of an academic semester. Searchers looked for 20 categories of targets simultaneously (which appeared with unequal frequency), in displays with 0–3 targets present, while having their eye movements recorded. With experience, accuracy increased and response times decreased. Fixation probabilities and durations decreased with increasing experience, but saccade amplitudes and visual span increased. These findings suggest that the behavioral benefits endowed by expertise emerge from oculomotor behaviors that reflect enhanced reliance on memory to guide attention and the ability to process more of the visual field within individual fixations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

et al. 2021

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“…However, the concurrent superiority of the referees suggested that their perceptual experience in viewing and making decisions in ambiguous foul scenarios was sufficient to support success. This raises the possibility that the visual experience gained via additional perceptual training, which supplements the amount of exposure to these situations, may help to further improve the decision-making ability of referees [see also Luis del Campo et al (2018) ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Blurred Perceptual Training on the Decision Making of Skilled Football Referees

2018

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When judging ambiguous foul situations in football (soccer), referees must attune to the kinematic characteristics inherent in genuine fouls to ensure that they can (i) recognize when a foul has taken place, and (ii) discriminate the presence of deceptive intent on the part of the tackled player. The aim of this study was to determine whether perceptual training that removes superficial visual information would improve the decision-making performance of football referees. Two groups of skilled referees judged ambiguous foul situations on video before and after a training intervention that involved adjudicating foul situations. During the training phase, participants in a blurred-footage training group watched digitally altered, blurred videos that removed superficial visual information, whilst participants in a normal-footage control group viewed the same videos without blur (i.e., with the superficial information present). We hypothesized that blurred-training would train referees to ignore superficial visual information and instead focus on the basic kinematic movements that would better reveal the true nature of the inter-personal interaction. Consistent with this idea, training with blurred footage resulted in a positive change in response accuracy from pre to post-test when compared with normal-footage training. This improvement could not be explained on the basis of changes in response time or bias, but instead reflected a change in the sensitivity to genuine fouls. These findings provide a promising indication of the potential efficacy of blurred-footage training for referees to attune to the kinematic information that characterizes a foul. Blurred training might offer an innovative means of enhancing the decision-making performance of football referees via perceptual training.

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“…The visual locations of interest were the ball carrier of the attacking team and last defender who defined the offside line, and fixations made on areas of no relevant interest (the attacker receiving the ball, the ball, defensive line, and offensive line). These specific locations during the perception of offside events have been previously used in other studies (e.g., see Catteeuw et al, 2010c;Luis et al, 2018).…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, this biased response has not been observed in studies of less experienced national ARs. For example, Luis et al (2018) concluded that amateur ARs, but not football players, compensated for the FLE due to their embodied specific refereeing experiences. This finding could have practical implications for testing and training of football officials at different levels of experience, highlighting the need for differentiated training programs for ARs of different skill levels (Put et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Video Speeds on Visual Behavior and Decision-Making of Amateur Assistant Referees Judging Offside Events

Campo

Martín

2020

Front. Psychol.

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The aim of the study was to assess the effects of manipulating video speeds on visual behavior and decision accuracy of 10 amateur football assistant referees (ARs) when perceived video sequences of 24 possible offside actions on a large screen. An eye tracker was used to analyze participants’ visual behaviors. Signal detection analysis provided further detail of participants’ decision-level accuracy. Participants were required to decide when they perceived a player to be offside during observed sequences with different video speed manipulations ( Normal speed , 2 speed , and 3 speed ). Results revealed that the manipulation of video speed did not attune emergent gaze patterns differently because participants displayed similar visual behaviors, regardless of speed. However, the normal speed resulted in a higher percentage of correct decisions than the 3 speed . Participants tended toward non-flagging decision bias errors when judging offsides with the 3 speed because they made more misses, than false alarms.

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The influence of refereeing experiences judging offside actions in football

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

The Effect of Blurred Perceptual Training on the Decision Making of Skilled Football Referees

Influence of Video Speeds on Visual Behavior and Decision-Making of Amateur Assistant Referees Judging Offside Events

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