The Influence of Pressure on Soot Production and Radiation inTurbulent Kerosine Spray Flames

Fischer, Benedikt; Moss, J.B.

doi:10.1080/00102209808952062

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…An exact, comprehensive explanation of the high pressure mechanisms and how they may differ from atmospheric pressure mechanisms is still elusive, but it is generally agreed that elevating the pressure of a diffusion flame's ambient environment causes change in the reaction rate (due to higher flame temperatures and steeper concentration gradients) which, when coupled with increased density, lead to increased soot production. Considerable work has also been done in spray combustion and premixed flames and has shown that increasing pressure substantially increases soot production (Schalla et al, 1954;McArranger and Tan, 1972;Kadota et al, 1977;Miller and Maahs, 1977;Millberg, 1959;Fischer and Moss, 1998;Heidermann et al, 1999).…”

Section: Effect Of Elevated Pressure On Sootmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Dilution, Pressure, and Velocity on Smoke Point in Laminar Jet Flames

Yelverton

Roberts

2008

Combustion Science and Technology

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Smoke point measurements of diluted methane and ethylene flames were made in a co-flowing laminar jet diffusion flame at pressures up to 8 atm. The smoke point corresponds to the fuel flow rate where the soot production is exactly offset by the soot oxidation, and as such is sensitive to changes in rates of production or oxidation. Flame height in these flames was measured as a function of pressure, diluent, and dilution level as well as both fuel exit velocity profile (i.e., plug or parabolic) and fuel=air velocity ratio. As pressure increases, the smoke point became less sensitive to diluent or dilution level. In addition to heat capacity and thermal diffusivity differences between CO 2 and He for example, the large differences in kinematic viscosity was shown to play an important role in the diluent's ability to suppress the fuel's propensity to form soot.

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Section: Effect Of Elevated Pressure On Sootmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Dilution, Pressure, and Velocity on Smoke Point in Laminar Jet Flames

Yelverton

Roberts

2008

Combustion Science and Technology

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“…Most literature has reported on soot formation in laminar flames at atmospheric pressure. It is well known that increased pressure has a large influence on the soot production in spray combustion, in premixed as well as diffusion flames [1][2][3]. Fuel pyrolysis and soot nucleation are enhanced by pressure, and the net effect is that soot growth and concentration are strongly affected by the system pressure [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of sooting tendency in laminar diffusion flames of n-heptane at elevated pressure

Zhou

Dam

Boot

et al. 2013

Combustion and Flame

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a b s t r a c tThis research focuses on the effects of an increasing pressure on the soot formation during combustion of vaporized liquid fuel. Therefore soot formation is measured in a laminar diffusion flame, with n-heptane as fuel, over a range of pressures from 1.0 to 3.0 bar. The soot volume fraction in the diffusion flames has been measured using Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) calibrated by means of the Line Of Sight Attenuation (LOSA) technique. The values of the calibration factors between LII intensities and soot volume fraction from LOSA are slightly varied for different pressure. The integral soot volume fractions show power law dependence on pressures, being proportional to p n , with n being 3.4 ± 0.3 in the pressure range of 1.0-3.0 bar.

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“…First, the dependence of soot formation on C 2 H 2 is via the complex and not completely mapped processes of nucleation and surface growth (Bockhorn, 1994). Second, the soot formation is probably significantly influenced by the operating conditions and the equivalence ratio, which are different in Christensen and Primdahl (1994) from Fischer and Moss (1998) and Roditcheva and Bai (2001).…”

Section: Ultra Rich Premixed Combustion Of Natural Gas 445mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…(5), 1 m 2 for laminar rich premixed C 2 H 4 =air flames and various laminar and turbulent diffusion flames (Fischer & Moss, 1998) and m ¼ 3 for laminar CH 4 =air non-premixed flame at pressures lower than 30 bar (Roditcheva & Bai, 2001). The opposite reported dependence of soot formation on pressure may be caused by two factors.…”

Section: Ultra Rich Premixed Combustion Of Natural Gas 445mentioning

confidence: 97%

Prediction and Measurement of the Product Gas Composition of the Ultra Rich Premixed Combustion of Natural Gas: Effects of Equivalence Ratio, Residence Time, Pressure, and Oxygen Concentration

Albrecht¹,

Kok²,

Dijkstra³

et al. 2009

Combustion Science and Technology

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The ultra rich combustion (partial oxidation) of natural gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The effect of the process parameters equivalence ratio, residence time, pressure, and composition of the oxidizer is explored. Computations are performed with the use of the chemical kinetics simulation package CHEMKIN. First, the ultra rich combustion process is modeled as a freely propagating flame in order to establish the rich flame propagation properties. An Arrhenius correlation of the laminar flame speed with the adiabatic flame temperature is found with activation temperature 20,000 K. Subsequently, perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) computations were performed. From these, it is concluded that optimal natural gas conversion to hydrogen and carbon monoxide requires a residence time of at least 50 ms and, depending on residence time, an equivalence ratio between 2 and 4. To reach chemical equilibrium in ultra rich mixtures, the residence time is very long (>1000 ms). The model predictions are validated by experiments on ultra rich combustion of natural gas by means of air enriched to 40% oxygen concentration at up to 3 bar and 300 kW. The effect of equivalence ratio at residence time 50 ms was investigated. Good comparison was found between measurements and model predictions on carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and the soot precursor acetylene. It can be concluded that the model provides reliable information on product gas concentrations as a result of ultra rich combustion of natural gas.

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The Influence of Pressure on Soot Production and Radiation inTurbulent Kerosine Spray Flames

Cited by 31 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of Dilution, Pressure, and Velocity on Smoke Point in Laminar Jet Flames

Effect of Dilution, Pressure, and Velocity on Smoke Point in Laminar Jet Flames

Measurements of sooting tendency in laminar diffusion flames of n-heptane at elevated pressure

Prediction and Measurement of the Product Gas Composition of the Ultra Rich Premixed Combustion of Natural Gas: Effects of Equivalence Ratio, Residence Time, Pressure, and Oxygen Concentration

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