Measurements of sooting tendency in laminar diffusion flames of n-heptane at elevated pressure

Zhou, Lei; Dam, Nico; Boot, Michael; Goey, de Lph Philip

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.018

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…As prescribed by Zhou et al [29], the soot particles are here supposed to experience a relatively short residence time in the flame, therefore exhibit a range of diameter that is small enough to warrant the Rayleigh assumption. Thus, the local soot volume fraction is finally inferred from the local extinction coefficient as follows:…”

Section: The Light Extinction Measurement (Lem) Technique As Implemenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Kashif

Bonnety

Matynia

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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The sooting propensities of binary mixtures of n-heptane and toluene on one hand, and isooctane and toluene on the other hand are evaluated in haust gas recirculation (EGR). The evolution of the sooting propensity as a function of both toluene mole fraction in the binary mixtures and CO 2 content of the air stream can then be revealed. The sooting tendencies of both kinds of blends decrease in a very linear way with increasing CO 2 content of the air stream. On the opposite, the sooting tendencies of isooctane/toluene blends follow a strongly non-linear relationship with the toluene mole fraction due to synergistic effects while YSIs of n-heptane/toluene blends show very linear trends. Interestingly, these trends match those observed on other configurations of diffusion flames, further strengthening the consistency of the YSI methodology. The combined effects of fuel blending and CO 2 dilution are also exhibited. All these trends can be of great importance for further investigations as toluene and isooctane mole fractions found in commercially available gasoline and gasoline surrogate fuels are prone to affect soot formation through a strong synergistic effect as identified in current study.

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Section: The Light Extinction Measurement (Lem) Technique As Implemenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Kashif

Bonnety

Matynia

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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“…The burner test rig and the corresponding fueling system were illustrated in details in [3]. The flue gas from the exhaust of the pressure vessel has a temperature above 200°C and is cooled before it passes through the pressure regulator.…”

Section: High Pressure Vessel and Burner (Hpvb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pressure regulator of the pressure vessel and the pressure regulator of the liquid fuel accumulator are coupled, in order to keep the pressure in the accumulator at a higher level than the pressure in the vessel. N-heptane is chosen as a surrogate fuel as it is one of the primary reference fuels for octane number evaluation [3]. Moreover, it is a representative component for the aliphatic fraction in commercial gasoline and diesel fuels.…”

Section: High Pressure Vessel and Burner (Hpvb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liu et al [2] pointed out that one of the measures to reduce PAHs emissions in the future would be to control emissions of diesel engines. The composition of diesel, however, is relatively complex, therefore n-heptane is considered as a diesel surrogate because of its approximate Cetane Number [3]. Therefore, the study of n-heptane flames at elevated pressure can advance our understanding of the mechanism of PAHs formation in diesel combustion, in turn to mitigate PAHs and soot emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in n-Heptane laminar diffusion flames from1.0 to 3.0 bar

Zhou

Xiong

Zhang

et al. 2017

Fuel

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“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], equivalents of the D1322 smoke point height are the most broadly-used specifications in international standards for civil and military grades of aviation turbine fuel (e.g., Refs. 5, 6, 16-18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Virtual” Smoke Point Determination of Alternative Aviation Kerosenes by Threshold Sooting Index TSI) Methods

Haas¹,

Qin²,

Dryer³

2014

50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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One benefit attributable to blending of alternative jet fuels into conventional petroderived kerosenes is reduced sooting tendency relative to the conventional unblended kerosenes. This benefit is largely due to the lower aromatics content of the alternative fuels/blends, and it is desirable with respect to sooting tendency limits embedded in aviation turbine fuel specifications (e.g., ASTM D1655 and D7566). However, the relatively high smoke points of many alternative jet fuels are not directly measurable by the prevailing ASTM D1322 smoke point (SP) method and its international variants. This frustrates characterization of these alternative fuels and prediction of their blending properties. The present work addresses an extrapolative "virtual" smoke point (VSP) technique for determination of smoke points compatible with the ASTM D1322 standard. Importantly, this compatibility removes the significant ambiguity historically associated with measurements of non-standard smoke points, herein categorically designated SP*. The VSP approach invokes the linear-by-mole blending functional basis of the Threshold Sooting Index (TSI), which has been empirically demonstrated in the literature for both defined molecular species and complex hydrocarbon fluids. If the average molecular weights (MWs) of the blending component fuels are known, then the VSPs of low-sooting tendency fuels can be forecast using D1322 SP measurements. This is demonstrated here for iso-octane and ndodecane as illustrative pure-component test fuels, as well as the full boiling range POSF 7720, a camelina sativa-derived hydrotreated jet fuel (HRJ). In part, the approach is facilitated by the ability to easily determine the average molecular weight of a fuel using a method recently developed by this laboratory. Nomenclature a = device-dependent parameter for calculation of TSI (molmm/g) b = device-dependent parameter for calculation of TSI (-) m i-j = slope of linear-by-mole TSI blending rule for fuels i and j (-) MW = (mixture-average) molecular weight (g/mol) r = repeatability limit of the ASTM D1322 smoke point method (mm) SP = ASTM D1322 smoke point (mm) SP* = non-standard, device-dependent smoke point used in general definition of TSI (mm) TSI = threshold sooting index (-) VSP = "virtual" smoke point (mm) X i = (molar) blend fraction of fuel i (-) γ i-j = slope of linear-by-mole MW/SP blending rule for fuels i and j (g/mol/mm) δ = fuel i intercept of linear-by-mole MW/SP blending rule for fuels i and j (g/mol/mm) 1

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Measurements of sooting tendency in laminar diffusion flames of n-heptane at elevated pressure

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Experimental study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in n-Heptane laminar diffusion flames from1.0 to 3.0 bar

“Virtual” Smoke Point Determination of Alternative Aviation Kerosenes by Threshold Sooting Index TSI) Methods

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