The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2 Cost, and Kinematics in Double Poling

Abstract

Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på journals.humankinetics.com: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1123/ijspp.2015-0754 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at journals.humankinetics.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0754 Cycle and reposition time did not differ between pole lengths at any speeds tested, whereas poling time tended to be shorter for self-selected than for long poles at the lower speeds (≤ 3.5 m·s -1 , P≤0.10), but not at the higher speeds (≥4.0 m·s -1 , P≥0.23).Conclusion: Double poling 1000-m time, submaximal O2-cost and center of mass vertical range of displacement were reduced in competitive cross-country skiers using poles 7.5 cm longer than self-selected ones.

Double-Poling Physiology and Kinematics of Elite Cross-Country Skiers: Specialized Long-Distance Versus All-Round Skiers

“…The poles (Triac 1.0; Swix, Lillehammer, Norway) were standardized to the nearest length (2.5 cm intervals) that corresponded to 88% of the athletes' body height, as pole length has been shown to influence submaximal O 2 cost, kinematics, and performance. 22 The poles were 3.0 (1.0) cm longer than the maximum length allowed during competition the following winter (measured from pole tip to strap insertion), according to the new FIS regulation (84.7 ± 0.5% of the body height including shoes instead of 83%). Therefore, kinematic data may be affected by this, but unlikely any differently in the 2 groups as all subjects were familiarized to long pole lengths.…”

“…24 Joint angles were derived from 50-Hz video analysis in the sagittal plane (Canon HF100; Canon Inc, Tokyo, Japan) using Tracker (Tracker version 4.95; Douglas Brown, Open Source Physics). 22 The vertical center of mass (zCOM) was calculated as the weighted average of the COMs of each body segment and equipment, as previously described. 22 The running test was conducted using a custom-made treadmill (Woodway GmbH, Weil am Rhein, Germany).…”

“…22 The vertical center of mass (zCOM) was calculated as the weighted average of the COMs of each body segment and equipment, as previously described. 22 The running test was conducted using a custom-made treadmill (Woodway GmbH, Weil am Rhein, Germany).…”

“…All DP workloads were conducted at 2.5°incline, with the incline and speeds chosen to induce competition-relevant technique based on pilot testing and previous research. 22 The subjects warmed up for 15 minutes at 10.8 km•h −1 (∼60%-70% of HR peak-DP ), with the last 5-minute serving as the first submaximal workload. Thereafter, the speed was increased by 1.8 km•h −1 (0.5 m•s −1 ) in each 5-minute step until the lactate threshold was exceeded.…”

Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers

“…For example, Holmberg et al (2005) introduced the new, "modern" doublepoling technique characterized by smaller joint angles, higher flexion velocities, and higher pole forces applied during a shorter poling time compared to "traditional" double-poling technique. One of the most important sub-techniques of the classical style, the kick double poling technique, in the skiing run, is due to the better transfer of thrust to the baton (Losnegard et al, 2017). It is also frequently used at the start and finish of all competitions, except for the classic sprint ski run competitions.…”