The Influence of Parental Involvement on Parent Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Parental Educational Level and the Number of Children

Abstract

With the change in the location of school education from the classroom to the home during the COVID-19 outbreak, there should be more educational caregiving from children’s parents when children learn online. Parental involvement in children’s online learning including study guide and psychological counseling is the specific content of educational caregiving, which is different from face-to-face learning. More attention should be paid to parental involvement and parents’ satisfaction with the online learning effect. This study therefore conducted a survey on middle school students’ parents to establish a moderating model, exploring the influence of parental involvement on parent satisfaction, and the number of children and parental education level as the moderator variables influencing parental involvement. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between parental involvement and satisfaction, while the parental education level and the number of children both have a moderating effect on the relationship between parental involvement and parent satisfaction. The moderating effect of the education level of parents shows negative, while the moderating effect of the number of children is positive. An interesting finding is that the number of children has a very low influence on parental involvement.

Impact of Parents’ Attitudes on Learning Ineffectiveness: The Mediating Role of Parental Self-Efficacy

“…To enhance objectivity, future studies could consider taking other approaches to measuring online learning effectiveness. For example, the effectiveness of online learning can be further evaluated by students’ actual performance (e.g., grades, the score of assignments) [ 69 , 70 , 71 ].…”

The Type of Childcare for Working Mothers in Indonesia

“…Another consideration is the social environment, culture, and habits of the surrounding community. These factors include the market price of housemaid salaries, parenting habits, and the views of the surrounding community regarding child care (Handayani et al, 2019;Meier & Mead, 1978;Shao et al, 2022;Xia, 2022). Regarding ideal parenting, the opinion of working mothers in Indonesia is by several research results which state that child care depends on several factors, namely the condition of the child itself, the conditions and abilities of parents, socio-economic and socio-cultural environment in which the family lives (Amalia et al, 2022;Dey et al, 2021;Zimmermann et al, 2022).…”

Teaching in the time of COVID-19: A biological systems theory approach

“…In relationships that are strong and healthy, power is generally equal or close to equal with both parties having similar abilities to exert influence (Nguyen, 2022). The move of instruction and learning from the brick-and-mortar school into the home necessitated a rebalancing of the pre-COVID power structure, with parents assuming more responsibility for their children's education in the home (Shao et al, 2022). Given the importance of parent involvement in the academic success of their children (Lambert et al, 2022), this begs the question-should school ever have been a microsystem separate from the home or should school always have been a mesosystem comprising both school and home?…”

“…Again, because development varies substantially as a function of the characteristics of the developing Person (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 2006), parent characteristics affecting development were likely revealed during the pandemic and not caused by the pandemic. As an illustration, parents perceived by teachers as unresponsive may have been working multiple jobs, struggling with mental health issues, caring for multiple children, or lacking skill development to help with homework (Shao et al, 2022). Parents viewed as overly helpful may have themselves grown up in a tense and controlling home environment resulting in other-oriented perfectionism or narcissism, and therefore highly susceptible to life's setbacks (Flett et al, 2014).…”