The influence of low protein s plasma levels in young women, on the definition of normal range

Garí, M; Falkon, L.; Urrutia, Tania F.; Vallve, Cristina; Borrell, Montserrat; Fontcuberta, Jordi

doi:10.1016/0049-3848(94)90091-4

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Age-and sex-related tendencies were found to be similar in the Chinese population and three other populations from Scotland, 28 Italy 27 and Japan. 20 These four studies and a number of other reports 26,[45][46] were concordant in showing that PS levels were lower in women than in men, with the values being lowest before the age of 45 years, 50 as in our study. Interestingly, the findings of the Japanese studies were most closely similar to those in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The differences in protein activities between men and women, especially for PS, might indicate a role of sex hormones, most likely estrogens, in the regulation of anticoagulant factors levels under physiological conditions, as already reported, 45,46 although other mechanisms have been proposed. Falkon et al 47 found no relationship between estradiol levels and total or free PS concentration and suggested that low PS levels in young women might result from a combined effect of diverse stimuli on PS synthesis and/or metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin, protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group

Zhu¹,

Ding²,

Bai³

et al. 2011

Haematologica

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The online version of this article has a Supplementary Appendix. BackgroundInherited deficiency of antithrombin, protein C and protein S, three important, naturally occurring coagulation inhibitors, might play a major role in the occurrence of venous thromboembolism in Chinese. The establishment of age-and gender-related normal ranges of these inhibitors is crucial for an accurate diagnosis of these deficiencies. Design and MethodsWe designed a prospective cross-sectional study recruiting healthy adults from four universityaffiliated hospitals in China. Antithrombin, protein C and protein S were studied by measuring their activity. Gene analysis was performed when natural anticoagulant deficiency was suspected. Polymorphisms of the factor V gene were searched for among subjects who were positive for activated protein C resistance. ResultsIn 3493 healthy Chinese adults (1734 men, 1759 women; age 17-83 years), we found higher age-adjusted activities for protein C and protein S in men than in women but no sex difference for antithrombin. In women, mean protein C and protein S activities increased with age. In men, mean protein C levels increased with age up to the age of 49 but decreased after 50 years old; mean protein S levels decreased after 50 years of age. Antithrombin levels remained stable over time in women but decreased significantly after 50 years of age in men. Reference values according to age and sex allowed the identification of 15 genetic variants (protein C: 10, antithrombin: 3, protein S: 2) in subjects with protein activity below the 1 st percentile. ConclusionsThis is the largest survey ever conducted in the healthy general Chinese population. These normal ranges provide the essential basis for the diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis in Chinese.Key words: antithrombin, protein C, protein S, normal ranges, genetics, Chinese. Citation: Zhu T, Ding

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin, protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group

Zhu¹,

Ding²,

Bai³

et al. 2011

Haematologica

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“…Plasma levels of total and free PS antigen, as well as PS activity, were determined as previously described [Espinosa-Parrilla et al, 1997]. The reference values obtained from a control group of 100 healthy blood donors and expressed as a percentage of the value obtained for each assay in a normal plasma pool [Garí et al, 1994] were 75-140% for total and free PS antigen and for PS activity, in all men and in women older than 46 years of age. For women under age 46, the reference values were 65-120%, for total PS antigen and for PS activity and 60-100% for free PS antigen.…”

Section: Patients and Ps Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein S gene analysis reveals the presence of a cosegregating mutation in most pedigrees with type I but not type III PS deficiency

et al. 1999

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“…For example, pediatric reference ranges in coagulation are not widely available . Protein S levels in women may be lower without a clinically significant phenotype …”

Section: Post‐analytical Causes Of Spurious Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and solutions for spurious test results in coagulation

Marlar

Rollins‐Raval

2019

Int J Lab Hematology

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In the coagulation laboratory, much emphasis has been placed on rapid and accurate testing; however, spurious results that are inaccurate and do not reflect the actual status of the patient can potentially lead to an incorrect diagnosis and altered intervention. Errors in coagulation results and interpretation can occur at any point of the process from obtaining the specimen to interpretation and use of the result by the clinician. The main sources of error include the patient's biological and preanalytical variation, analytical testing, and postanalytical use of the reported result(s). This article reviews various sources of error leading to spurious results, providing methods to recognize these aberrant results and presenting solutions for minimizing their occurrence.

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The influence of low protein s plasma levels in young women, on the definition of normal range

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin, protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group

Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin, protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group

Protein S gene analysis reveals the presence of a cosegregating mutation in most pedigrees with type I but not type III PS deficiency

Sources and solutions for spurious test results in coagulation

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