The influence of experimental administration of low zearalenone doses on the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and on selected subpopulations of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph nodes

Obremski, Krzysztof; Wojtacha, Paweł; Podlasz, Piotr; Żmigrodzka, Magdalena

doi:10.1515/pjvs-2015-0064

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Macrophages, mucosal cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and neutrophils are responsible for innate immune defense in the digestive tract. The adaptive immune system is composed of T and B lymphocytes which, when activated, secrete cytokines and produce antibodies, respectively [ 28 ]. When the gastrointestinal mucosa is in a state of homeostasis, a strict balance is maintained between proinflammatory (IL-6, TNFα, IL-17, IL-1, IL-23, and IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGFβ, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-11), where neutrophils and other types of cells initiate inflammation by releasing proinflammatory interleukins to activate the adaptive immune response [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches

Obremski

Trybowski

Wojtacha

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN), administered per os to gilts at doses equivalent to 50%, 100%, and 150% of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) values for 14, 28, and 42 days during weaning, on changes in the parameters of the oxidoreductive balance, cytokine secretion, and basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches. Immunoenzymatic ELISA tests and biochemical methods were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin 1α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 12/23p40, interleukin 2, interferon γ, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, fructose, glucose, and proline, as well as the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The study demonstrated that ZEN doses corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of NOAEL values, i.e., 5 µg, 10 µg, and 15 µg ZEN/kg BW, respectively, have proinflammatory properties, exacerbate oxidative stress responses, and disrupt basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches in gilts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches

Obremski

Trybowski

Wojtacha

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…For inflammatory cytokines including IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-1β, and vasoactive intestinal peptides were increased in ileum Peyer’s patches after 42 days feeding of zearalenone (0.1 mg/kg) to pigs ( Obremski et al, 2015a ). While feeding of zearalenone (0.1 mg/kg) to pigs for 28 days induced a reduction of CD21 + B cells while increasing interferon (IFN)-γ concentration in ileocecal lymph nodes ( Obremski et al, 2015b ) suggesting that it may alter B cell responses. In addition, T-2 toxin reduced viability of intestinal epithelial cells in pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.…”

Section: Gut Immunity In Pigs Under Various Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs — A Review

Lee

Kye

Kim

et al. 2016

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.

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“…So far, diagnosis of ZEN mycotoxicosis is mainly based on the observation of clinical signs and feed analysis. Yet, ZEN, as with many other mycotoxins, might exhibit adverse health effects in livestock before clinical signs become evident [ 35 – 37 ]. Analysis of feed samples, on the other hand, is accompanied by certain challenges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets

Hennig-Pauka

Koch²,

Schaumberger³

et al. 2018

Porc Health Manag

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BackgroundThe mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) causes functional and morphological alterations in reproductive organs of pigs. In the field, diagnosis of ZEN-induced disorders is often challenging, as relevant feed lots are no longer available, or feed analysis results are not conclusive. Here, we report a field case of hyperestrogenism in newborn piglets. Surprisingly, more than 50 fungal metabolites were detected in hay pellets fed to gestating sows, including ZEN and its modified form zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-S). Despite the broad contamination range in this unconventional feed component, a definite diagnosis of mycotoxicosis could not be achieved. In this context, current limitations regarding the confirmation of suspected cases of ZEN-induced disorders are discussed, covering both feed analysis and the biomarker approach.Case presentationA piglet producer with 200 sows experienced a sudden increase in suckling piglet losses up to 30% by lower vitality and crushing. Predominant clinical signs were splay legs and signs of hyperestrogenism such as swollen and reddened vulvae in newborn piglets. The first differential diagnosis was ZEN mycotoxicosis although feed batches had not been changed for months with the exception of ground hay pellets, which had been included in the diet five months before. Analysis of hay pellets resulted in a sum value of ZEN and its modified forms of more than 1000 μg/kg, with ZEN-14-S alone accounting for 530 μg/kg. Considering the inclusion rate of 7% in the diet for gestating sows, the severe impact of the additional ZEN load due to the contaminated hay pellets seemed unrealistic but could not be completely excluded either. One month after hay pellets had been removed from the diet no further clinical signs were observed.ConclusionsEnrichment materials and other fibre sources can contain significant amounts of mycotoxins and should be therefore included in feed analysis. Adequate methods for broad spectrum mycotoxin determination, including modified mycotoxins, are important. As highlighted by this field case, there is a need to establish reliable biomarkers for ZEN exposure in pigs. Currently, available biomarkers do not allow a solid prediction of the ZEN intake of pigs under field conditions, which limits their application to experimental studies.

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The influence of experimental administration of low zearalenone doses on the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and on selected subpopulations of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph nodes

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches

The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches

Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs — A Review

Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets

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