The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN), administered per os to gilts at doses equivalent to 50%, 100%, and 150% of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) values for 14, 28, and 42 days during weaning, on changes in the parameters of the oxidoreductive balance, cytokine secretion, and basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches. Immunoenzymatic ELISA tests and biochemical methods were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin 1α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 12/23p40, interleukin 2, interferon γ, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, fructose, glucose, and proline, as well as the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The study demonstrated that ZEN doses corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of NOAEL values, i.e., 5 µg, 10 µg, and 15 µg ZEN/kg BW, respectively, have proinflammatory properties, exacerbate oxidative stress responses, and disrupt basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches in gilts.

The Presence of Mycotoxins in Feed and Their Influence on Animal Health

“…However, the NF-κB pathway is a potential pathogenic factor which, when activated incorrectly or in excessive amounts, exerts adverse effects on cells. Obremski et al [ 9 ] arrived at similar conclusions in a study investigating the effects of very low ZEN doses on (i) the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, (ii) the secretion of anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, (iii) oxidative stress markers, and (iv) basic metabolic markers. They found that low ZEN doses induced an inflammatory response.…”

“…At present, risk evaluations focus mainly on mycotoxins’ ability to modify the metabolic profile and their proinflammatory, mutagenic, cytotoxic, and potential carcinogenic effects [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Rykaczewska et al [ 6 ] reported that pre-pubertal gilts responded differently to ZEN administered at the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), and minimal anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) doses.…”

“…Recent research has demonstrated that mycotoxins exert adverse effects on sensitive structures in the intestines [ 9 , 10 ] and target tissues/organs such as the liver [ 11 ]. In a study by Śliżewska et al [ 10 ], ochratoxin A (OTA) present in low concentrations in turkey feed caused body weight loss, depression, and paralysis, leading to a decrease in the mobility and energy levels of birds.…”

Strain-Specific Benefits of Bacillus on Growth, Intestinal Health, Immune Modulation, and Ammonia-Nitrogen Stress Resilience in Hybrid Grouper

“…Specifically, we measured key immune genes including pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα), anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGFβ1), and genes related to inflammation and apoptosis (TLR3, TLR22, Myd88, IκBα, P65, Bcl-2, Bax, Casp3, Casp8, and Casp9). These genes play a critical role in regulating immune responses and maintaining health in fish liver [ 46 , 56 ], involving various immune pathways such as anti-inflammatory reactions and apoptosis, and are important indicators of fish immune health [ 57 ]. Our results revealed significant changes in the expression of liver immune genes in the hybrid group under different probiotic treatments.…”

A Cohort Study Investigating Zearalenone Concentrations and Selected Steroid Levels in Patients with Sigmoid Colorectal Cancer or Colorectal Cancer

“…Hormonal dysfunctions can lead to serious diseases and disorders that impair bodily functions. Endocrine disorders can be caused by numerous factors [ 10 ], including undesirable substances such as EDCs, e.g., ZEN [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. These compounds disrupt various processes in the endocrine system, including biosynthesis, transport, metabolism, receptor and post-receptor expression, and feedback mechanisms.…”