The Influence of Crystalline Fields on the Susceptibilities of Salts of Paramagnetic Ions. I. The Rare Earths, Especially Pr and Nd

Penney, W. G.; Schlapp, Robert

doi:10.1103/physrev.41.194

Cited by 226 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…At low temperatures inclusion of the crystalline potential is usually imperative, and so Penney utilized it to interpret the existing experimental data mainly by Cabrera and by Becquerel. Fig, 3 is taken from the original paper of Penney and Schlapp (23). The ordinate is the reciprocal of the susceptibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum mechanics-The key to understanding magnetism

Vleck

1978

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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The existence of magnetic materials has been known almost since prehistoric times, but only in the 20th century has it been understood how and why the magnetic susceptibility is influenced by chemical composition or crystallographic structure. In the 19th century the pioneer work of Oersted, Ampere, Faraday and Joseph Henry revealed the intimate connection between electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's classical field equations paved the way for the wireless telegraph and the radio. At the turn of the present century Zeeman and Lorentz received the second Nobel Prize in physics for respectively observing and explaining in terms of classical theory the so-called normal Zeeman effect. The other outstanding early attempt to understand magnetism at the atomic level was provided by the semi-empirical theories of Langevin and Weiss. To account for paramagnetism, Langevin (1) in 1905 assumed in a purely ad hoc fashion that an atomic or molecular magnet carried a permanent moment µ, whose spatial distribution was determined by the Boltzmann factor. It seems today almost incredible that this elegantly simple idea had not occurred earlier to some other physicist inasmuch as Boltzmann had developed his celebrated statistics over a quarter of a century earlier. With the Langevin model, the average magnetization resulting from N elementary magnetic dipoles of strength µ in a field H is given by the expression (1) At ordinary temperatures and field strengths, the argument x of the Langevin function can be treated as small compared with unity. Then L(x) = :x, and Eq. (1) becomes perature, a relation observed experimentally for oxygen ten years earlier by Pierre Curie (2) and hence termed Curie's law.To explain diamagnetism, Langevin took into account the Larmor precession of the electrons about the magnetic field, and the resulting formula for the diamagnetic susceptibility is

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confidence: 99%

Quantum mechanics-The key to understanding magnetism

Vleck

1978

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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“…However, in the late summer of 1931, two physicists from Great Britain came to Madison on post-doctoral fellowships, William (now Lord) Penney, and Robert Schlapp, and I suggested that they work respectively on the effect of a crystalline field on the paramagnetic susceptibilities of rare earth compounds and of salts containing certain ions of the iron group. The result was the well-known papers of Penney and Schlapp [39] and of Schlapp and Penney [40]. The collaboration was largely a sentimental one, as they had obtained their results for their respective materials almost completely independently.…”

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confidence: 66%

Reminiscences of the first decade of quantum mechanics

Vleck

2009

Int. J. Quantum Chem.

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“…Interest in its spectroscopic properties goes back to the earliest spectroscopic studies of the rare earths. In 1937, Spedding [34], noting the sharpness of the absorption lines of europium salts, suggested their application in astronomical measurements of Doppler shifts and proposed that Eu 3+ embedded in glass replace the commonly used didymium glass 8 . He noted that the groundstate of Eu 3+ in the solid was 7 F 0 and a number of transitions should occur to upper states which have J values of 0 or 1 and that these were sharp at room temperature even in glass.…”

Section: Impact Of the Judd-ofelt Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Van Vleck and Amelia Frank [6] resolved the previous glaring discrepancy between theory and experiment for Eu 3+ , which marred the otherwise quite satisfactory Hund theory for the rare earths. By 1932 Van Vleck [7] had published his comprehensive book on magnetic susceptibilities while Penney and Schlapp [8] started to formalise the practical calculation of crystal fields. Amelia Frank [9,10] applied their crystal field theory to the magnetic susceptibilities of Sm 3+ and Eu 3+ .…”

Section: Some Pre-history Of Crystal Field Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The fascination of the rare earths—then, now and in the future

Wybourne¹

2004

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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The Influence of Crystalline Fields on the Susceptibilities of Salts of Paramagnetic Ions. I. The Rare Earths, Especially Pr and Nd

Cited by 226 publications

References 8 publications

Quantum mechanics-The key to understanding magnetism

Quantum mechanics-The key to understanding magnetism

Reminiscences of the first decade of quantum mechanics

The fascination of the rare earths—then, now and in the future

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