The Influence of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on the Cerebral Vascular Permeability to Trypan Blue (‘The Blood‐brain Barrier’)

Clemedson, Carl‐Johan; Hartelius, H; Holmberg, Gunnar

doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb03178.x

Cited by 46 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is an asphyxiant gas also considered as an activator of inflammatory processes (Coakley et al 2002;Norozian et al 2011). Several investigators demonstrated that CO 2 inhalation leads to a blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and therefore, to brain edema (Cameron, Davson, and Segal 1969;Clemedson, Hartelius, and Holmberg 1958;Cutler and Barlow 1966;Huang et al 2013;Pakulski 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

Navarro

Garcı́a

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Air pollution has been associated with neuroinflammatory processes and is considered a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Volcanic environments are considered a natural source of air pollution. However, the effects of natural source air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS) have not been reported, despite the fact that up to 10% of the world's population lives near a historically active volcano. In order to assess the response of the CNS to such exposure, our study was conducted in the island of Sao Miguel (Azores, Portugal) in two different areas: Furnas, which is volcanically active one, and compared to Rabo de Peixe, a reference site without manifestations of active volcanism using Mus musculus as a bioindicator species. To evaluate the state of the astroglial population in the dentate gyrus in both samples, the number of astrocytes was determined using immunofluorescence methods (anti-GFAP and anti-GS). In addition, the astrocytic branches in that hippocampal area were examined. Our results showed an increase in GFAP+ astrocytes and a reduction in GS+ astrocytes in Furnas-exposed mice compared to animals from Rabo de Peixe. In addition, astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of chronically exposed animals exhibited longer branches compared to those residing at the reference site. Thus, reactive astrogliosis and astrocyte dysfunction are found in mice living in an active volcanic environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

Navarro

Garcı́a

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…In our hands, death typically occurs 30 min after administration. It is important to note that carbon dioxide administration, as a method of euthanasia, is not appropriate for BBB permeability studies, as carbon dioxide administration can cause BBB permeability (Clemedson et al, 1956 and1958). c. Place slides into storage box and continue sectioning until desired amount of brain has been sampled.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Bbb Permeability Using 70 Kda Fitc-dextranmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assays Using Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin

Mazzucco¹,

Vartanian²,

Linden³

2020

BIO-PROTOCOL

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In order for the brain to function properly, a carefully orchestrated homeostasis must be maintained. To help regulate this delicate balance, the brain has developed a highly selective bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Under normal conditions, the BBB excludes harmful blood-borne material from the brain parenchyma. However, numerous neuropathological conditions can disrupt this barrier, causing BBB permeability and subsequent CNS dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms involved in BBB permeability are essential to elucidating the pathology of various neurological disorders as well as identifying methods for drug delivery to the CNS. Here, we describe several in vivo methods to measure BBB permeability in mice using an array of diverse sized tracers including exogenous 376 Da fluorescein salt, 66.5 kDa bovine serum albumin, and 70 kDa dextran as well as endogenous 160 kDa mouse IgG.When administered intravenously, these substances are excluded from a healthy brain by the BBB.However, BBB dysfunction can allow entry of these tracers into the brain and this accumulation can be measured using spectrophotometry, fluorescent microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. We also describe a method to induce BBB permeability using Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. Finally, we include a short discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of each method and their appropriate downstream applications.

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“…Moreover, hypercapnia (i.e. increased pCO 2 ) has been shown to cause an increase in BBB permeability in experimental animals (31)(32)(33). In the current study, we found that the CBV increase varied approximately linearly with the amount of CO 2 in the breathing gas mixture (Fig.…”

Section: Wei and Cbv Response To Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic monitoring of blood–brain barrier integrity using water exchange index (WEI) during mannitol and CO₂ challenges in mouse brain

et al. 2012

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The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical to normal brain function. Traditional techniques for assessing BBB disruption rely heavily on the spatiotemporal analysis of extravasating contrast agents. But such methods based on the leakage of relatively large molecules are not suitable to detect subtle BBB impairment or to perform repeated measurements in a short time frame. Quantification of the water exchange rate constant (WER) across the BBB using strictly intravascular contrast agents could provide a much more sensitive method for quantifying the BBB integrity. For estimating the WER, we have recently devised a powerful new method using a water exchange index (WEI) biomarker and demonstrated BBB disruption in an acute stroke model. Here we confirm that the WEI is sensitive to even very subtle changes in the integrity of the BBB caused by (1) systemic hypercapnia and (2) low doses of a hyperosmolar solution. In addition, we have examined the sensitivity and accuracy of the WEI as a biomarker of the WER using computer simulation. In particular, the dependence of the WEI-WER relation on changes in vascular blood volume, T1 relaxation of cellular magnetization, and transcytolemmal water exchange was explored. The simulated WEI was found to vary linearly with the WER for typically encountered exchange rate constants (1–4 Hz) regardless of the blood volume. However, for very high WER (>5 Hz) the WEI became progressively more insensitive to increasing WER. The incorporation of transcytolemmal water exchange, using a three-compartment tissue model, helped to extend the linear WEI regime to slightly higher WER, but had no significant effect for most physiologically important water exchange rate constants (WER<4 Hz). Variation in the cellular T1 had no effect on the WEI. Using both theoretical and experimental approaches, our study validates the utility of the WEI biomarker for monitoring BBB integrity.

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The Influence of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on the Cerebral Vascular Permeability to Trypan Blue (‘The Blood‐brain Barrier’)

Cited by 46 publications

References 4 publications

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

In vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assays Using Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin

Dynamic monitoring of blood–brain barrier integrity using water exchange index (WEI) during mannitol and CO₂ challenges in mouse brain

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The Influence of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on the Cerebral Vascular Permeability to Trypan Blue (‘The Blood‐brain Barrier’)

Cited by 46 publications

References 4 publications

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

In vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assays Using Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin

Dynamic monitoring of blood–brain barrier integrity using water exchange index (WEI) during mannitol and CO2 challenges in mouse brain

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Product

Resources

About

Dynamic monitoring of blood–brain barrier integrity using water exchange index (WEI) during mannitol and CO₂ challenges in mouse brain