The influence of calcium supplementation on substrate metabolism during exercise in humans: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High calcium intakes enhance fat loss under restricted energy intake. Mechanisms explaining this may involve reduced dietary fat absorption, enhanced lipid utilization and (or) reductions in appetite. This study aimed to assess the impact of 2 weeks of calcium supplementation on substrate utilization during exercise and appetite sensations at rest. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirteen physically active males completed two 14-d supplemental periods, in a double-blind, randomized crossover design separated by a ⩾ 4-week washout period. During supplementation, a test-drink was consumed daily containing 400 and 1400 mg of calcium during control (CON) and high-calcium (CAL) periods, respectively. Cycling-based exercise tests were conducted before and after each supplemental period to determine substrate utilization rates and circulating metabolic markers (non-esterified fatty acid, glycerol, glucose and lactate concentrations) across a range of exercise intensities. Visual analog scales were completed in the fasting, rested state to determine subjective appetite sensations. RESULTS: No significant differences between supplements were observed in lipid or carbohydrate utilization rates, nor in circulating metabolic markers (both P>0.05). Maximum rates of lipid utilization were 0.47 ± 0.05 and 0.44 ± 0.05 g/min for CON and CAL, respectively, prior to supplementation and 0.44 ± 0.05 and 0.42 ± 0.05 g/min, respectively, post-supplementation (main effects of time, supplement and time x supplement interaction effect all P>0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in any subjective appetite sensations (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Two weeks of calcium supplementation does not influence substrate utilization during exercise in physically active males.

Calcium Ingestion Suppresses Appetite and Produces Acute Overcompensation of Energy Intake Independent of Protein in Healthy Adults

“…In addition, it should be acknowledged that numerous other putative mechanisms may also contribute to the appetite effects of protein and calcium intake, including delayed gastric emptying (24), plasma amino acid concentrations (25), and the concentrations of other gastrointestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (26), peptide YY (12), and gastrin (27). Notwithstanding this, we chose to concentrate on the incretin hormones, given the insulin responses previously observed in humans (7,8,18) and in vitro/ex vivo (11,12).…”

“…These were cooked in a microwave for 2 min at 1000 W and cooled for 5 min before being served. For CAL trials, a milk-extracted calcium powder [Capolac, Arla Foods Ingredients; from the same batch that was validated independently previously (18)] was added to the porridge to increase the calcium content by 15 mg/kg body mass. For PRO trials, milk protein concentrate (MyProtein.co.uk) was added to increase the protein content of the porridge by 0.35 g/kg body mass.…”

The Effect of a Dairy-Based Recovery Beverage on Post-Exercise Appetite and Energy Intake in Active Females

“…Pre-analytical (e.g., sample treatment) and analytical (e.g., sample handling) procedures were followed in an identical manner to our previous studies [ 35 , 36 ]. Consequently, monovettes contained aprotinin (25 µL/mL whole blood) for the preservation of glucagon-like peptide 1 7-36 (GLP-1 7-36 ) and glucagon.…”

A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents

“…Another proposed mechanism refers to the Ca appetite concept, which according to Tordoff ( 118 ) , dietary Ca depletion triggers the appetite for Ca-rich foods. There are some plausible mechanisms, which rely on the identification of certain genes responsible for taste recognition ( 119 ) and an increase in the fasting anorexigenic hormone leptin ( 120 ) or postprandial levels of anorexigenic glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide after ingestion of Ca ( 121 ) , yet with inconsistent results ( 122 , 123 ) . Specific components of dairy foods and mainly whey and casein proteins have been associated with increased satiety ( 124 ) through delayed gastric emptying ( 125 ) , and regulation of the concentration of plasma amino acid ( 126 ) and gastrointestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin ( 127 ) , peptide YY ( 128 ) and gastrin ( 129 ) .…”