Calcium Ingestion Suppresses Appetite and Produces Acute Overcompensation of Energy Intake Independent of Protein in Healthy Adults

Gonzalez, Javier T.; Green, Benjamin Paul; Brown, Meghan; Rumbold, Penny L. S.; Turner, Louise A.; Stevenson, Emma

doi:10.3945/jn.114.205708

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Interestingly, there was no further suppression of appetite by the addition of 50 g whey protein hydrolysate to milk minerals rich in calcium ingestion. We have previously reported that milk minerals rich in calcium suppresses appetite ratings and energy intake independent of milk protein [7]. The present data confirm this response and extend it to whey protein hydrolysate, rather than milk minerals rich in calcium alone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Nutrition potently regulates enteroendocrine cell action and therefore gut hormone secretion. For example, the ingestion of protein increases plasma GLP-1 availability [6,7]. The mechanism(s) by which dietary protein stimulates GLP-1 availability is thought to involve direct stimulation by amino acids of the calcium-sensing receptor expressed on L-cells in the intestine [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of dietary calcium in gut hormone secretion is being increasingly revealed. Both acute and chronic supplementation with calcium has been shown to augment plasma GLP-1 availability in humans [12,13], however not all studies have shown an effect of calcium on plasma GLP-1 availability [7,14,15]. This discrepancy could be explained (in part) by differences in the type of calcium and/or co-ingestion with other nutrients, leading to variable calcium concentrations in the ileum, where GLP-1 is primarily secreted [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults

et al. 2019

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Purpose To examine whether calcium type and co-ingestion with protein alter gut hormone availability. Methods Healthy adults aged 26 ± 7 years (mean ± SD) completed three randomized, double-blind, crossover studies. In all studies, arterialized blood was sampled postprandially over 120 min to determine GLP-1, GIP and PYY responses, alongside appetite ratings, energy expenditure and blood pressure. In study 1 (n = 20), three treatments matched for total calcium content (1058 mg) were compared: calcium citrate (CALCITR); milk minerals rich in calcium (MILK MINERALS); and milk minerals rich in calcium plus co-ingestion of 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN). In study 2 (n = 6), 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (PROTEIN) was compared to MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN. In study 3 (n = 6), MILK MINERALS was compared to the vehicle of ingestion (water plus sucralose; CONTROL). Results MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN increased GLP-1 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) by ~ ninefold (43.7 ± 11.1 pmol L −1 120 min; p < 0.001) versus both CALCITR and MILK MINERALS, with no difference detected between CALCITR (6.6 ± 3.7 pmol L −1 120 min) and MILK MINERALS (5.3 ± 3.5 pmol L −1 120 min; p > 0.999). MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN produced a GLP-1 iAUC ~ 25% greater than PROTEIN (p = 0.024; mean difference: 9.1 ± 6.9 pmol L −1 120 min), whereas the difference between MILK MINERALS versus CONTROL was small and nonsignificant (p = 0.098; mean difference: 4.2 ± 5.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults

et al. 2019

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Section: New Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, if differences between venous and arterialized blood are not consistent, then comparisons between studies using different blood sampling methods would be problematic. Indeed, blood sampling methods for GLP‐1 measurement commonly vary between studies, with samples from capillary, arterial, arterialized or venous blood (Asmar et al., ; Gonzalez & Stevenson, ; Gonzalez et al., ; Green, Gonzalez, Thomas, Stevenson, & Rumbold, ), albeit arterial blood is much less frequently sampled owing to the greater technical challenge. However, to date, no study has ever examined whether postprandial GLP‐1 concentrations differ in venous compared with arterialized blood, and thus whether the method of blood sampling has implications for determining the relationship between GLP‐1 and insulinemia (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venous blood provides lower glucagon‐like peptide‐1 concentrations than arterialized blood in the postprandial but not the fasted state: Consequences of sampling methods

Chen

Edinburgh

Hengist

et al. 2018

Experimental Physiology

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) displays concentration-dependent effects on metabolism, appetite and angiogenesis; therefore, accurate determination of circulating GLP-1 concentrations is important. In this study, we compared GLP-1 concentrations in venous versus arterialized blood in both fasted and fed conditions. Venous and arterialized blood samples were obtained simultaneously from 10 young, healthy men before and 30, 60 and 120 min after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Plasma GLP-1 concentrations increased in response to glucose ingestion (time effect, P < 0.01) and to a lesser extent in venous versus arterialized plasma (time × arterialization interaction, P < 0.01). Accordingly, the plasma incremental area under the curve was lower in venous versus arterialized plasma (974 ± 88 versus 1214 ± 115 pmol l (120 min) , respectively, P = 0.049). In the postprandial state, there was a positive relationship between arterialized GLP-1 concentrations and the venous-arterialized difference in GLP-1 concentrations (r = 0.51; P < 0.01). Both arterialized and venous peak GLP-1 concentrations showed positive relationships with peak arterialized insulin concentrations (both r > 0.6, P < 0.01). Venous sampling results in lower concentrations of GLP-1 in the postprandial but not the fasted state compared with arterialized blood. This absolute difference is biologically meaningful and is magnified when GLP-1 availability is high. Therefore, sampling from arterialized blood may provide a better chance of detecting small differences in postprandial GLP-1 availability with interventions. If absolute GLP-1 concentrations are of interest, the blood sampling method should be considered carefully and reported clearly.

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Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial

2020

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Purpose Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Methods Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% $${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2peak ) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake. Results During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males. Trial registration number NCT02714309.

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Calcium Ingestion Suppresses Appetite and Produces Acute Overcompensation of Energy Intake Independent of Protein in Healthy Adults

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults

Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults

Venous blood provides lower glucagon‐like peptide‐1 concentrations than arterialized blood in the postprandial but not the fasted state: Consequences of sampling methods

Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial

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