The influence of bandwidth and temporal properties of spatial noise on binocular masking-level differences

Henning, G. Bruce; Hertz, B. Gevene

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90030-x

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Others also documented that binocular advantage is higher for the in-phase than the out-of-phase condition in contrast discrimination of supra-threshold gratings [25], [26]. The phase-dependent effect in binocular detection is reversed and enlarged when gratings were displayed in either narrowband [41] or broadband [42] visual masking noise. It would also be interesting to investigate binocular combination in external noise [24], [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

et al. 2010

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BackgroundHow the visual system combines information from the two eyes to form a unitary binocular representation of the external world is a fundamental question in vision science that has been the focus of many psychophysical and physiological investigations. Ding & Sperling (2006) measured perceived phase of the cyclopean image, and developed a binocular combination model in which each eye exerts gain control on the other eye's signal and over the other eye's gain control. Critically, the relative phase of the monocular sine-waves plays a central role.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe used the Ding-Sperling paradigm but measured both the perceived contrast and phase of cyclopean images in three hundred and eighty combinations of base contrast, interocular contrast ratio, eye origin of the probe, and interocular phase difference. We found that the perceived contrast of the cyclopean image was independent of the relative phase of the two monocular gratings, although the perceived phase depended on the relative phase and contrast ratio of the monocular images. We developed a new multi-pathway contrast-gain control model (MCM) that elaborates the Ding-Sperling binocular combination model in two ways: (1) phase and contrast of the cyclopean images are computed in separate pathways, although with shared cross-eye contrast-gain control; and (2) phase-independent local energy from the two monocular images are used in binocular contrast combination. With three free parameters, the model yielded an excellent account of data from all the experimental conditions.Conclusions/SignificanceBinocular phase combination depends on the relative phase and contrast ratio of the monocular images but binocular contrast combination is phase-invariant. Our findings suggest the involvement of at least two separate pathways in binocular combination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

et al. 2010

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“…Others have also documented that binocular advantage is higher for the in-phase than the out-of-phase condition in contrast discrimination of suprathreshold gratings (Meese, Georgeson, & Baker, 2006; Simmons, 2005). The phase-dependent effect in binocular detection is reversed and enlarged when gratings were displayed in either narrowband (Henning & Hertz, 1973) or broadband (Henning & Hertz, 1977) visual masking noise. It would also be interesting to investigate binocular combination in external noise (Ding & Sperling, 2006, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficient binocular combination reveals mechanisms of anisometropic amblyopia: Signal attenuation and interocular inhibition

Zhou²,

et al. 2011

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Amblyopia is a developmental disorder that results in deficits of monocular and binocular vision. It's presently unclear whether these deficits result from attenuation of signals in the amblyopic eye, inhibition by signals in the fellow eye, or both. In this study, we characterize the mechanisms underlying anisometropic amblyopia using a binocular phase and contrast combination paradigm and a contrast-gain control model. Subjects dichoptically viewed two slightly different images and reported the perceived contrast and phase of the resulting cyclopean percept. We found that the properties of binocular combination were abnormal in many aspects, which is explained by a combination of (1) attenuated monocular signal in the amblyopic eye, (2) stronger interocular contrast-gain control from the fellow eye to the signal in amblyopic eye (direct interocular inhibition), and (3) stronger interocular contrast-gain control from the fellow eye to the contrast gain control signal from the amblyopic eye (indirect interocular inhibition). We conclude that anisometropic amblyopia led to both monocular and interocular deficits. A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying amblyopia requires studies of both monocular deficits and binocular interactions.

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“…There has been limited investigation of whether interocular differences and relative disparity are effective in reducing contrast masking. Binocular detection of a horizontal or vertical grating against narrowband or broadband noise is improved when the gratings are out of phase in each eye (Henning & Hertz, 1973, 1977. When the mask and the target are the same mean frequency and orientation, the improvement in detection is limited to spatial frequencies less than 6 c/deg (Henning & Hertz, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A concern with previous studies on the effect of relative disparity on contrast masking is that the results could be explained by sensitivity to interocular decorrelation. Previous demonstrations of stereo release from masking (Henning & Hertz, 1973, 1977Moraglia & Schneider, 1990, 1992Schneider, Moraglia, & Jepson, 1989) have used two-interval forced-choice detection tasks. It is possible that the advantage conferred by the disparity signal may result from the presence of an additional cue in the interval containing the target (disparity) rather than reflecting a relative improvement in luminance contrast sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking camouflage: Binocular disparity reduces contrast masking in natural images

et al. 2010

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Visual overlay masking is typically studied with a mask and target located at the same depth plane. Masking is reduced when binocular disparity separates the target from the mask (G. Moraglia & B. Schneider, 1990). We replicate this finding for a broadband target masked by natural images and find the greatest masking (threshold elevation) when target and mask occupy the same depth plane. Masking was reduced equally whether the target appeared at a crossed or an uncrossed disparity. We measure the tuning of masking and determine the extent of the benefit afforded by disparity. Threshold elevation decreases monotonically with increasing disparity until ±8 arcmin. Two underlying components to the masking are evident; one accounts for around two-thirds of the masking and is independent of disparity. The second component is disparity-dependent and results in additional masking when there is zero disparity. Importantly, the reduction in masking with disparity cannot be explained by interocular decorrelation; we use a single-interval orientation discrimination task to exclude this possibility. We conclude that when the target and mask are presented at different depths they activate distinct populations of disparity-tuned neurons, resulting in less masking of the target.

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The influence of bandwidth and temporal properties of spatial noise on binocular masking-level differences

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

Deficient binocular combination reveals mechanisms of anisometropic amblyopia: Signal attenuation and interocular inhibition

Breaking camouflage: Binocular disparity reduces contrast masking in natural images

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