The Influence of a Mouthpiece-Based Topography Measurement Device on Electronic Cigarette User’s Plasma Nicotine Concentration, Heart Rate, and Subjective Effects Under Directed and Ad Libitum Use Conditions

Spindle, Tory R.; Hiler, Marzena; Breland, Alison; Karaoghlanian, Nareg; Shihadeh, Alan; Eissenberg, Thomas

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw174

Cited by 50 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…EC, iQOS, and conventional cigarettes present very different modes of smoking, not only due to the inherently different working mechanisms of each device, but also because of different individual smoking/vaping habits of the smokers, which can affect the aerosols generated by these devices (Spindle et al 2016). For instance, EC and iQOS do not emit side-stream vapor/smoke between the puffs, while conventional cigarettes continuously emit tobacco smoke even between the puffs.…”

Section: Smoking Protocol and Emission Factor Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental pollution and emission factors of electronic cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco products, and conventional cigarettes

Ruprecht

Marco

Saffari

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

111

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The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and, more recently, the new "heatnot-burn" tobacco products (iQOS) as alternatives to traditional tobacco cigarettes has necessitated further documentation of and research into the composition and potential health risks/benefits of these devices. In a recent study, we compared second-hand exposure to particulate metals and organic compounds from e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes, by conducting continuous and time-integrated measurements in an indoor environment, followed by computing the emission rates of these species using a single-compartment mass balance model. In this study, we have used a similar approach to further expand our previous analyses by characterizing black carbon, metal particles, organic compounds, and size-segregated particle mass and number concentrations emitted from these devices in addition to the newly marketed iQOS. Analysis of the iQOS sidestream smoke indicated that the particulate emission of organic matter from these devices is significantly different depending on the organic compound. While polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were mostly non-detectable in the iQOS smoke, certain n-alkanes, organic acids (such as suberic acid, azelaic acid, and n-alkanoic acids with carbon numbers between 10 and 19) as well as levoglucosan were still emitted in substantial levels from iQOS (up to 2-6 mg/h during a regular smoking regimen). Metal emissions were reduced in iQOS smoke compared to both electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes and were mostly similar to the background levels. Another important finding is the presence of carcinogenic aldehyde compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, in iQOS smoke, although the levels were substantially lower compared to conventional cigarettes. EDITORYifang Zhu

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Section: Smoking Protocol and Emission Factor Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental pollution and emission factors of electronic cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco products, and conventional cigarettes

Ruprecht

Marco

Saffari

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

111

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“…The pressure transducer and the orifice dimensions of each mouthpiece allowed measurement at puff velocities as low as 3 ml/second. This instrument does not interfere with the nicotine delivery or subjective effects observed after ECIG use (see Spindle et al, 2017). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During each of the two 10-puff ECIG-use bouts, puff topography measures included puff number, puff duration (measured in seconds), puff volume (measured in milliliters) flow rate (i.e., puff velocity measured in milliliters per second), and inter-puff interval (IPI, measured in seconds and defined as the time between the onset of one puff and the onset of a subsequent puff as in Spindle et al, 2017, Vansickel et al, 2010). While puff number and IPI were recorded, they were held constant to 10 puffs and 30 second IPI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A criterion level of < 5 ng/ml was used for this determination (i.e., individuals with baseline plasma nicotine concentration of 5 ng/ml or higher were considered to be not abstinent; Spindle et al, 2017). Ultimately, 18 of the 33 ECIG-experienced and 21 of the 31 ECIG-naïve individuals met this criterion and were considered to have abstained from nicotine prior to each of the four sessions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic cigarette user plasma nicotine concentration, puff topography, heart rate, and subjective effects: Influence of liquid nicotine concentration and user experience.

Hiler¹,

Breland²,

Spindle³

et al. 2017

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

Self Cite

127

175

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Electronic cigarette (ECIG) nicotine delivery and other effects may depend on liquid nicotine concentration and user experience. This study is the first to examine systematically the influence of ECIG liquid nicotine concentration and user experience on nicotine delivery, heart rate, puff topography, and subjective effects. Thirty-three ECIG-experienced individuals and 31 ECIG-aïve cigarette smokers completed four laboratory conditions that consisted of two, 10-puff bouts (30-second IPI) with a 3.3 volt ECIG battery attached to a 1.5 Ohm “cartomizer” (7.3 watts) filled with 1 ml ECIG liquid. Conditions differed by liquid nicotine concentration: 0, 8, 18, or 36 mg/ml. Participants’ plasma nicotine concentration was related directly to liquid nicotine concentration and dependent on user experience with significantly higher mean plasma nicotine increases observed in ECIG-experienced individuals relative to ECIG-naïve smokers in each active nicotine condition. When using 36 mg/ml, mean plasma nicotine increase for ECIG-experienced individuals was 17.9 ng/ml (SD = 17.2) and 6.9 (SD = 7.1; p < .05) for ECIG-naive. Between-group differences were likely due to longer puffs taken by experienced ECIG users: collapsed across condition, mean puff duration was 5.6 seconds (SD = 3.0) for ECIG-experienced and 2.9 (SD = 1.5) for ECIG-naive. ECIG-use also suppressed nicotine/tobacco abstinence symptoms in both groups; the magnitude of abstinence symptom suppression depended upon liquid nicotine concentration and user experience. These and other recent results suggest that effective policies intended to limit ECIG nicotine delivery will need to account for factors in addition to liquid nicotine concentration (e.g., device power and user behavior).

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“…Nicotine-containing solutions were administered at a rate (3.2 mg/kg/day) that reliably induces nicotine dependence as indicated by elevations in ICSS thresholds (e.g., Epping-Jordan et al, 1998; Manbeck et al, 2013; Roiko et al, 2009). This infusion rate also produces nicotine serum levels (≈40 ng/ml) within the range of those observed in experienced EC users (Farsalinos et al, 2015; LeSage et al, 2002; Spindle et al, 2017). Rats continued to be tested for ICSS Mon-Fri throughout the duration of the 4-week infusion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

Harris

Muelken

Smethells

et al. 2017

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The FDA recently extended their regulatory authority to electronic cigarettes (ECs). Because the abuse liability of ECs is a leading concern of the FDA, animal models are urgently needed to identify factors that influence the relative abuse liability of these products. The ability of tobacco products to induce nicotine dependence, defined by the emergence of anhedonia and other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal following cessation of their use, contributes to tobacco abuse liability. The present study compared the severity of precipitated withdrawal during chronic infusion of nicotine alone or nicotine-dose equivalent concentrations of three different EC refill liquids in rats, as indicated by elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior). Because these EC liquids contain constituents that may enhance their abuse liability (e.g., minor alkaloids), we hypothesized that they would be associated with greater withdrawal effects than nicotine alone. Results indicated that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine precipitated elevations in ICSS thresholds in rats receiving a chronic infusion of nicotine alone or EC liquids (3.2 mg/kg/day, via osmotic pump). Magnitude of this effect did not differ between formulations. Our findings indicate that nicotine alone is the primary CNS determinant of the ability of ECs to engender dependence. Combined with our previous findings that nicotine alone and these EC liquids do not differ in other preclinical addiction models, these data suggest that product standards set by the FDA to reduce EC abuse liability should primarily target nicotine, other constituents with peripheral sensory effects (e.g. flavorants), and factors than influence product appeal (e.g., marketing).

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The Influence of a Mouthpiece-Based Topography Measurement Device on Electronic Cigarette User’s Plasma Nicotine Concentration, Heart Rate, and Subjective Effects Under Directed and Ad Libitum Use Conditions

Cited by 50 publications

References 34 publications

Environmental pollution and emission factors of electronic cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco products, and conventional cigarettes

Environmental pollution and emission factors of electronic cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco products, and conventional cigarettes

Electronic cigarette user plasma nicotine concentration, puff topography, heart rate, and subjective effects: Influence of liquid nicotine concentration and user experience.

Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

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