The influence of a heavy thermal load on REM sleep in the rat

Amici, Roberto; Zamboni, Giovanni; Perez, Emanuele; Jones, Christine Ann; Parmeggiani, Pier Luigi

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01242-0

Cited by 46 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…While the significance of REMS fragmentation following the experience of a stressor is not fully understood, it has been hypothesized that, because there is an absence of homeostatic control during REMS, brief interruptions within a cluster of seqREMS episodes may provide homeostatic regulation while recovery REMS is obtained (Amici et al, 1994, 1998; Zamboni et al, 2001). Amici et al (1994) have reported that environmental stressors differentially alter seqREMS and siREMS distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, exposure to cold stress resulted in REMS suppression; during recovery sleep at the normal ambient temperature, an increase in REMS was due to an increase in the number of seqREMS episodes. Investigations of seqREMS and siREMS under control conditions have found that the average seqREMS episode duration is approximately 80% of that of a siREMS episode; however, seqREMS episodes usually occur in clusters, such that a cluster of seqREMS episodes has nearly double the duration of a siREMS episode (Amici et al, 1994, 1998; Zamboni et al, 2001). Thus based on our results, it is possible that physiologic challenges to homeostasis during REMS in cued fear-conditioned WKY rats could be managed via a mechanism of REMS fragmentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fear conditioning fragments REM sleep in stress-sensitive Wistar–Kyoto, but not Wistar, rats

DaSilva

Lei

Madan

et al. 2011

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Pavlovian conditioning is commonly used to investigate the mechanisms of fear learning. Because the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat strain is particularly stress-sensitive, we investigated the effects of a psychological stressor on sleep in WKY compared to Wistar (WIS) rats. Male WKY and WIS rats were either fear-conditioned to tone cues or received electric foot shocks alone. In the fearconditioning procedure, animals were exposed to 10 tones (800 Hz, 90 dB, 5 sec), each coterminating with a foot shock (1.0 mA, 0.5 sec), at 30-sec intervals. In the shock stress procedure, animals received 10 foot shocks at 30-sec intervals, without tones. All subjects underwent a toneonly test both 24 hrs (Day 1) and again two weeks (Day 14) later. Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) continuity was investigated by partitioning REMS episodes into single (inter-REMS episode interval > 3 min) and sequential (interval ≤ 3 min) episodes. In the fear-conditioned group, freezing increased from baseline in both strains, but the increase was maintained on Day 14 in WKY rats only. In fear-conditioned WKY rats, total REMS amount increased on Day 1, sequential REMS amount increased on Day 1 and Day 14, and single REMS amount decreased on Day 14. Alterations were due to changes in the number of sequential and single REMS episodes. Shock stress had no significant effect on REMS microarchitecture in either strain. The shift toward sequential REMS in fear-conditioned WKY rats may represent REMS fragmentation, and may provide a model for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of sleep disturbances reported in posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear conditioning fragments REM sleep in stress-sensitive Wistar–Kyoto, but not Wistar, rats

DaSilva

Lei

Madan

et al. 2011

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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“…This condition is known to constitute an osmotic challenge leading to the progressive engagement of the whole set of mechanisms maintaining body fluid homeostasis [8], [9]. Moreover, since a REMS rebound was observed during the recovery (R) period following cold exposure [5], [6], [10], [11], [12], [13], W-S assessment was continued for two days after water was once again made freely available. Basically, two sets of parameters were assessed: i) those concerning the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis (water and food consumption; changes in body weight and fluid composition); ii) those concerning the effects of the osmotic challenge on behavioral states (hypothalamic temperature, motor activity, and W-S states).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waking and Sleeping following Water Deprivation in the Rat

et al. 2012

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Wake-sleep (W-S) states are affected by thermoregulation. In particular, REM sleep (REMS) is reduced in homeotherms under a thermal load, due to an impairment of hypothalamic regulation of body temperature. The aim of this work was to assess whether osmoregulation, which is regulated at a hypothalamic level, but, unlike thermoregulation, is maintained across the different W-S states, could influence W-S occurrence. Sprague-Dawley rats, kept at an ambient temperature of 24°C and under a 12 h∶12 h light-dark cycle, were exposed to a prolonged osmotic challenge of three days of water deprivation (WD) and two days of recovery in which free access to water was restored. Two sets of parameters were determined in order to assess: i) the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis (water and food consumption; changes in body weight and fluid composition); ii) the effects of the osmotic challenge on behavioral states (hypothalamic temperature (Thy), motor activity, and W-S states). The first set of parameters changed in WD as expected and control levels were restored on the second day of recovery, with the exception of urinary Ca++ that almost disappeared in WD, and increased to a high level in recovery. As far as the second set is concerned, WD was characterized by the maintenance of the daily oscillation of Thy and by a decrease in activity during the dark periods. Changes in W-S states were small and mainly confined to the dark period: i) REMS slightly decreased at the end of WD and increased in recovery; ii) non-REM sleep (NREMS) increased in both WD and recovery, but EEG delta power, a sign of NREMS intensity, decreased in WD and increased in recovery. Our data suggest that osmoregulation interferes with the regulation of W-S states to a much lesser extent than thermoregulation.

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“…First, it was recently hypothesized that the REM sleep might play role in energy conservation together with SWS (Schmidt, 2014). Nonetheless, it was demonstrated in rodents that the REM sleep increased in duration simply with elevation of ambient temperature (Amici et al, 1998;Rosenthal & Vogel, 1993;1994;Roussel et al, 1984), implicating the physiology of REM sleep be evolved against conservation of energy in response to temperature decrement. Likewise, it was also reported in humans that the REM sleep increased in duration from cool to moderate and to warm in temperature (Haskell et al, 1981;Karacan et al, 1978).…”

Section: The Peripheral Functions Of Rem Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In phylogeny, this function of REM sleep is advantageous to explain the various exceptions of REM sleep, especially the absence of REM sleep in dolphins (Cai, 2015b;Lyamin et al, 2007;Madan & Jha, 2012;Sekiguchi et al, 2006;Siegel, 2008) and short duration of REM sleep in birds (Ayala-Guerrero et al, 1988Cai, 2015b) in contrary to that in humans (Cai, 2015b;Floyd et al, 2007) and rodents (Cai, 2015b;Rechtschaffen et al, 1989), the absence of penile erections in REM sleep in armadillo (Affanni et al, 2001;Cai, 2015b), as well as the higher voltage in EEG during REM sleep in platypus (Cai, 2015b;Siegel et al, 1998;1999) and ostrich (Cai, 2015b;Lesku et al, 2011). In physiology, this function of REM sleep is advantageous to explain the association of REM sleep with the atonic episodes in SWS (Cai, 2015b;Tinguely et al, 2006;Werth et al, 2002), the absence of drastic menopausal change in duration of REM sleep (Cai, 2015b;Kalleinen et al, 2008;Orff et al, 2012;Shaver et al, 1988), and the different effects of ambient temperature on duration of REM sleep in rodents (Amici et al, 1998;Cai, 2015b;Rosenthal & Vogel, 1993;1994;Roussel et al, 1984) and humans (Cai, 2015b;Haskell et al, 1981;Karacan et al, 1978). Obviously, improvement of muscular efficiency is an important and prospective function of REM sleep.…”

Section: The Peripheral Functions Of Rem Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two types of REM sleep: The atonic and brain REM sleep

Cai¹

2016

Sleep Hypn

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With preliminary classification, there are five behavioral functions for rapid eye movement(REM) sleep after puberty, which are memory retention, drive dissipation, muscular efficiency, heat control and adaptive immobility. For these diversities, it is newly suggested in this mini-review to categorize the REM sleep into two types respectively as atonic and brain REM sleep. In concrete words, the atonic REM sleep was acquired early in platypus, ostrich, and reptiles, responsible for the adaptive immobility as rare exceptions to predation risk of sleep, for the important function recently proposed for improvement of muscular efficiency in most species, and for the heat control in some species, while the brain REM sleep were added later in evolution, responsible for conflict of emotional memories against disinhibited drives.In ecological aspects, this division of REM sleep is useful to pluralistically understand the diverse adaptive functions of REM sleep in various species. On inductive relation, the atonia is required for EEG activation from brain stem in REM sleep, consistent with the earlier origin of atonic sleep in evolution. On physiological paradox, the pathological high muscle tension in human depression results from the emotional stress from accumulated emotional memories processed in long REM sleep, therefore not contradictory with the atonic function of REM sleep. On stage interactions, these two types of REM sleep are different as coherent and counteractive with SWS respectively. In these respects, the REM sleep plays two types of qualitatively different functions in the atonic and brain REM sleep respectively.

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The influence of a heavy thermal load on REM sleep in the rat

Cited by 46 publications

References 13 publications

Fear conditioning fragments REM sleep in stress-sensitive Wistar–Kyoto, but not Wistar, rats

Fear conditioning fragments REM sleep in stress-sensitive Wistar–Kyoto, but not Wistar, rats

Waking and Sleeping following Water Deprivation in the Rat

Two types of REM sleep: The atonic and brain REM sleep

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