The industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark: An approach to cleaner industrial production

A Smart Contract Architecture Framework for Successful Industrial Symbiosis Applications Using Blockchain Technology

“…One of the most emblematic examples of IS is the Kalundborg Eco-industrial park in Denmark, which has established industrial exchanges and cooperation for over 50 years, involving 9 partners and 25 flow exchanges [8][9][10][11]. Since its inception, numerous instances of IS have been documented in the annals of history, showcasing a diverse range of participants, economic pursuits and organizational structures [12].…”

“…Subsequently, the IS discourse in the literary world has been centered on the pursuit of synergistic inter-firm partnerships centered around physical material and flow optimization, as discussed in references [6,7]. The Kalundborg Eco-industrial park in Denmark is a preeminent example of successful IS, widely recognized as one of the most successful applications of IS and frequently cited in the literature, as noted in reference [8][9][10][11]. Since its earliest documentation, extensive research has been conducted to assess the impact of IS on the environment, economy, and society, as well as to explore strategies for promoting the wider adoption of this practice and addressing its vulnerabilities [12].…”

Industrial ecosystems as technological niches

“…Novel products and processes require novel industrial ecology technologies, new relations, even new organisational forms, all involving a certain amount of risk to be undertaken by individual organisations. Hence, appropriate technical, organisational and institutional resources [41,42] need to be a priori built internally or supplied externally for minimising risks (Fig. 2).…”

Industrial Symbiosis and Eco‐Industrial Development: An Introduction

“…The one example of what could be achieved that is cited time and again in the literature is the town of Kalundborg in Denmark. Given that anyone interested in exploring industrial symbiosis further will inevitably meet references to Kalundborg, it is worth outlining the main features of the example (see Jacobsen 2003, for more details and http://www.symbiosis.dk for the official website). At Kalundborg, a web of waste and energy exchanges developed connecting the local city administration, a power plant, a refinery, a fish farm, a pharmaceuticals plant and a wallboard manufacturer (Figure 1).…”