The induction of bladder stones by terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and melamine (2,4,6-triamino-s-triazine) and its relevance to risk assessment

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

“…This suggests formation of calculi occurs in supersaturated urine but not in urine that is undersaturated. 11 A study performed on B6C3F1 mice with exposure to 13 wk of melamine showed that male mice are much more affected than females despite similar body weights. Relative risk of stone formation in males is twice as great as in females.…”

Urinary tract abnormalities in Chinese rural children who consumed melamine-contaminated dairy products: a population-based screening and follow-up study

“…6 Melamine is known to cause formation of calculi in weanling rats and has led to acute renal failure in cats and dogs consuming melamine-contaminated pet foods. 7,8 In humans, melaminerelated disease has been recognized only recently, and the full adverse effects of exposure remain unknown. 4,9 A clinicopathologic study suggests that the size of urinary stones is related to melamine concentration.…”

The fourth United States-Japan meeting on the toxicological characterization of environmental chemicals.

“…Females (a): subchronic toxicity and female fertility, three doses plus control, n = 10/group; body weights taken on days 0, 4,8,12,16,20,24,28; percent pregnant; number of implants; number of corpora lutea. Females (b): developmental toxicity, three doses plus control, n = 10 smear-positive females/group; confirm mating by vaginal smear or plug during cohabitation; dose females on gd 6-15; body weights taken on sible mechanisms of action.…”

“…Parameters of the screen were as follows: subchronic toxicity and male infertility: three doses plus control, n= 10/group; body weights taken on days 3,7,11,15,19,23,28; modified functional observational battery; gross necropsy; histopathology on liver, kidney, testis; hematology on blood at termination; fertility before and during chemical administration, epididymal sperm motility and total epididymal sperm count.…”