Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Hau, Anthony K.C.; Kwan, Tze-Hoi; Li, Philip Kam-tao

doi:10.1681/asn.2008101065

Cited by 321 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…Melamine (MA), which is an industrial nitrogen heterocyclic triazine compound, has been used as a fertilizer, a nonprotein nitrogenous source for feeding cattle and recently as an adulterant in pet, livestock, and fish foods (Hau et al 2009). In addition, MA is found as a metabolite and a degradation product of the pesticide and veterinary drug cyromazine (a cyclo-propyl MA derivative that is used as an acaricide/insecticide) as well as a trace contaminant in nitrogen-containing feed supplements like urea (EFSA 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice

Abd‐Elhakim

Mohamed

2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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The aim of the present study was to explore the potential hematotoxic and immunotoxic effects of melamine (MA) in the absence and presence of formaldehyde (FA) in mice. Forty adult Swiss mice were equally allocated into four groups and daily treated with water, MA (50 mg/kg), FA (25 mg/kg), and MA þ FA respectively via feeding needle for 60 consecutive days. Hematological status was evaluated using erythrogram and leukogram profiling. Innate immune functions were assessed by measuring white blood cells lysozyme and phagocytic activities. Serum immunoglobulin levels were evaluated as indicators of humoral immunity. In addition, histologic and immunohistochemical evaluations of splenic tissues were performed. The results indicated that either MA or FA treatment resulted in significant decreases in RBCs, Hb, MCHC, total WBC, lymphocyte, and basophile levels as well as in WBCs phagocytosis and lysozyme activity. In contrast, MCV, PCV%, and reticulocyte levels were significantly increased in these hosts. The total IgM level was significantly reduced in the MA-only-exposed mice but markedly increased in the FA-only-treated ones. A significant decrease in serum IgG levels was detected following either MA or FA treatment. The combined exposure to MA and FA, compared to levels of either toxicant alone, was revealed to evoke a significant improvement in Hb, PCV%, MCV, MCHC, neutrophil, eosinophil, total IgM level, and lysozyme activity; however these values did not reach that of the controls. Furthermore, compared to control mice, both MA-only-and FA-only-treated mice showed a strong distribution of CD4 þ and CD8 þ cells in their spleens, while a moderate presence of the former cells was obvious at their co-exposure. Taken together, these findings revealed that exposure to MA or FA resulted in significant alterations in hemato-immune parameters at variable degrees while a co-exposure resulted in the mitigation of most effects of either toxicant alone. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice

Abd‐Elhakim

Mohamed

2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…Risk of feeding animals a diet contaminated with melamine and cyanurid acid was stated also by Dobson et al (2008) who detected a forming of an insoluble precipitate in renal tubules leading to progressive tubular blockage and degeneration in rats and cats. The presence of cyanuric acid in contaminated feed can be the result of intentional addition but also the result of unintended contamination caused by the presence of melamine, cyanuric acid being its by-product (Hau et al 2009). Hau et al (2009) stated that melamine is not metabolized in animals and 90% of it is excreted via kidneys during 24 h after consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of cyanuric acid in contaminated feed can be the result of intentional addition but also the result of unintended contamination caused by the presence of melamine, cyanuric acid being its by-product (Hau et al 2009). Hau et al (2009) stated that melamine is not metabolized in animals and 90% of it is excreted via kidneys during 24 h after consumption. However, Zheng et al (2013) found that in rats, melamine was biotransformed by intestinal microorganisms (namely by Klebsiella terrigena) into cyanuric acid which subsequently became the main component of kidney stones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of melamine and cyanurid acid contaminated diets on blood indicators in broiler chickens

Straková¹,

Karásková²,

Zapletal³

et al. 2014

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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ABSTRACT:The effect of melamine and cyanuric acid contaminated diets on basic haematological and biochemical blood indicators in male broiler chickens (Ross 308) was studied. The chickens were divided into 6 experimental groups (30 birds per group) and fed diets with an addition of 50 or 100 mg of melamine or 50 or 100 mg of cyanuric acid per kg of feed, with the contaminants added separately (either melamine or cyanuric acid) or in combination (melamine + cyanuric acid). The control group (C) was fed a diet without melamine or cyanuric acid. At the end of the experiment (day 40), 8 birds per treatment group were randomly selected for haematological and biochemical examination of blood. Red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean cell volume, and total leukocyte count did not differ significantly among the respective groups of broiler chickens (P > 0.05). The concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid used in the contaminated diet for broiler chickens led to highly significant changes in the content of total protein (TP), glucose (Glu), Ca, P, Na, and K (P < 0.01) and to significant changes in the content of Mg (P < 0.05) in their blood plasma. In comparison to the C group, the decrease in the content of TP, Glu, Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in blood plasma was most pronounced in broilers fed the diets contaminated with cyanuric acid only or diets with the simultaneous contamination with melamine and cyanuric acid. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that the contamination of feed with melamine and cyanuric acid, separately or in combination, results in impaired renal function and probably also in partial liver damage.Keywords: poultry; feed; level of contaminants; haematological indicators; biochemical indicators; toxicity List of abbreviations: AST = aspartate aminotransferase, Chol = cholesterol, Er = total red blood cell count, Glu = glucose, Hb = haemoglobin concentration, Ht = haematocrit value, Leu = total leukocyte count, MCH = mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCHC = mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCV = mean cell volume, TP = total protein, UA = uric acid

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“…According to the Codex Alimentarius and Turkish Food Codex (TFC), the levels of melamine should not exceed 1 mg kg -1 in powdered infant formula and 2.5 mg kg -1 in food (other than infant formula) (FAO 2010;TFC 2012). WHO classified the melamine as a group 3 carcinogenic risk, implying that the evidence of melamine carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals (Hau et al 2009). The aim of current study was to investigate the presence of melamine and to determine the pH values in four different brands of canned tuna fish samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Melamine Presence in Canned Tuna Fish by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method

Demirhan

Baş

et al. 2015

Tar. Bil. Der.

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Melamine is widely used as a chemical in food industry and may lead to kidney damage. The aim of this study was to determine melamine and pH value of 80 canned tuna fish samples of four different brands (A, B, C, D) sold in Ankara, Turkey. Quantitative determination of melamine in canned tuna fish samples was carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis with diode array detector (CZE-DAD). The limits of detection and quantitation for melamine were found to be 0.21 mg kg -1 and 0.68 mg kg -1 , respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of melamine in canned tuna fish samples by mean recovery with 104.7% in oily and 107.6% for light samples. Melamine levels were found as <0.68 mg kg -1 (LOQ value) in all samples analysed during the period of the study. The mean pH values (±SE) of the samples for the A, B, C and D brands were determined to be 5.89 ± 0.02, 5.86 ± 0.01, 5.83 ± 0.02 and 5.82 ± 0.02, respectively. As a result, present study shows that the presence of melamine of canned tuna fish obtained during the period of study do not pose a health risk to consumers.

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Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Cited by 321 publications

References 14 publications

Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice

Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice

Effect of melamine and cyanurid acid contaminated diets on blood indicators in broiler chickens

Investigation of Melamine Presence in Canned Tuna Fish by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method

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