Effect of melamine and cyanurid acid contaminated diets on blood indicators in broiler chickens

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The effect of melamine and cyanuric acid contaminated diets on basic haematological and biochemical blood indicators in male broiler chickens (Ross 308) was studied. The chickens were divided into 6 experimental groups (30 birds per group) and fed diets with an addition of 50 or 100 mg of melamine or 50 or 100 mg of cyanuric acid per kg of feed, with the contaminants added separately (either melamine or cyanuric acid) or in combination (melamine + cyanuric acid). The control group (C) was fed a diet without melamine or cyanuric acid. At the end of the experiment (day 40), 8 birds per treatment group were randomly selected for haematological and biochemical examination of blood. Red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean cell volume, and total leukocyte count did not differ significantly among the respective groups of broiler chickens (P > 0.05). The concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid used in the contaminated diet for broiler chickens led to highly significant changes in the content of total protein (TP), glucose (Glu), Ca, P, Na, and K (P < 0.01) and to significant changes in the content of Mg (P < 0.05) in their blood plasma. In comparison to the C group, the decrease in the content of TP, Glu, Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in blood plasma was most pronounced in broilers fed the diets contaminated with cyanuric acid only or diets with the simultaneous contamination with melamine and cyanuric acid. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that the contamination of feed with melamine and cyanuric acid, separately or in combination, results in impaired renal function and probably also in partial liver damage.Keywords: poultry; feed; level of contaminants; haematological indicators; biochemical indicators; toxicity List of abbreviations: AST = aspartate aminotransferase, Chol = cholesterol, Er = total red blood cell count, Glu = glucose, Hb = haemoglobin concentration, Ht = haematocrit value, Leu = total leukocyte count, MCH = mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCHC = mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCV = mean cell volume, TP = total protein, UA = uric acid

Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice

“…This condition of erythrocytes, pseudo-macrocytosis, has been previously reported in broiler chickens-fed diets supplemented with 50 or 100 mg of MA/kg feed for 40 days (Strakov a et al 2014). It was believed that this outcome could be attributed to MA-induced impaired renal functions, azotemia, and uremia that subsequently caused an increase in reticulocyte levels and PCV values (Hau et al 2009).…”

“…This leukopenic effect could be also associated with a negative effect of MA on cell membrane integrity (Strakov a et al 2014). Additionally, these changes could be related to adverse pathological changes in the liver previously reported in MA-treated rats (El Rabey et al 2013).…”

“…It was suggested that such reduction could be linked to the formation of insoluble complexes of MA-cyanurate or MA-cyanurate-urate during in situ metabolism of MA (Zheng et al 2013). These complexes might shorten the life span of RBCs by weakening the integrity of their membranes though induced decreases in activity of Na þ /K þ -ATPase and decreases in membrane osmotic resistance (Strakov a et al 2014). In addition, kidney damage induced by MA may have an impact on overall hematopoiesis due to a subsequent decrease in the formation/release of erythropoietin hormone resulting in erythrocytopenia (Hau et al 2009;Doubek et al 2010).…”

“…These suppressed activities might be associated with at least two factors acting simultaneously in the case of MA, i.e. alterations in cell membrane integrity and the impact of a presence of MA crystals (Strakov a et al 2014). Among the various phagocyte classes, Tolleson (2008) reported that macrophages were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of MA.…”

Potential Ameliorative Effect of Bee Honey on Experimentally Induced Melamine Formaldehyde Toxicity in Male Rats.

“…Reduction in these parameters may be up to produced enteritis that caused thickening and shortening in the intestinal villi with fibrous tissue formation in mucosa and submucosa (Bhor and Sivakami, 2003;Weiss and Wardrop, 2011), these changes resulted in nutrients poor absorption. Strakova et al (2014) reported that the reduction in RBCs counts mainly is due to the negative impact of melamine toxicity on the RBCs life span through increasing their membrane fragility via decreasing Na+/K-ATPase activity. The melamine induced nephrotoxicity may have negative effect in the erythropoietin hormone production as stated by Hau et al (2009);Doubek et al (2010).…”