The individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A with citrinin and their metabolites (ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, and dihydrocitrinone) on 2D/3D cell cultures, and zebrafish embryo models

Electrospun Nanofibers Modified with Copper Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Extraction and Detection of Three Ochratoxins in Foods

“…First, OTs with small molecular sizes can be widely dispersed into the pores of the adsorbents through molecular diffusion when in close contact with the PS/PES-CuNP nanofibers . Moreover, the Cu–N structure formed by the Cu of PS/PES-CuNP nanofibers and the N–H of OTA, OTB, and OTC, and the possible electrostatic interaction between carboxylate groups of OTs and copper of PS/PES-CuNP nanofibers are favorable for adsorption of targets onto/into the PS/PES-CuNP nanofibers. ,, In addition, the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic parts of OTs such as coumarin and the hydrophobic structures of benzene rings and alkyl groups on PS/PES CuNP nanofibers also probably is the key factor for effective extraction. ,, …”

“…When the pH was 7–9, the extraction efficiencies of OTs gradually reduced. The results could be explained by the fact that the distance between targets and PS/PES CuNP nanofibers was increased by electrostatic interaction under alkaline conditions. , It is worth noting that three OTs have carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups which bring similar effect on pH. , Therefore, all of the sample solutions would be adjusted to pH 7 in the subsequent research.…”

“…36,40 It is worth noting that three OTs have carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups which bring similar effect on pH. 8,37 Therefore, all of the sample solutions would be adjusted to pH 7 in the subsequent research.…”

“…36,37,39 In addition, the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic parts of OTs such as coumarin and the hydrophobic structures of benzene rings and alkyl groups on PS/PES CuNP nanofibers also probably is the key factor for effective extraction. 8,25,38 3.5. Method Validation.…”

“…3 Especially, the OTC can be easily converted into OTA after intake even at very low concentrations. 4 Considering the hepatorenal toxicity, 5 teratogenic, carcinogenic, 6 genotoxic, 7 and immunosuppressive 8 of OTA, many countries and institutions have established strict statute on the threshold in various foods, 9 but a clear limit of OTB and OTC has not been built up. It is worth noting that the foods are rarely contaminated with a single OT; if only OTA is detected, the total intake of OTs is often underestimated.…”