The increasing incidence of mumps orchitis: a comprehensive review

Abstract

There has been a recent increase in mumps orchitis among pubertal and postpubertal males. These outbreaks can be attributed to a reduction in the uptake of measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccine during the early to mid‐1990s in children who have now matured. The mumps virus is commonly associated with extra‐salivary complications. Unvaccinated postpubertal males diagnosed with mumps virus frequently develop complications such as mumps orchitis. Therefore, it is important that urologists are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment and complications of this condition. Here we review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment options and complications of mumps orchitis, as a complication of mumps virus, with particular emphasis on testicular atrophy, subfertility and infertility.

Pattern Recognition Receptor–Initiated Innate Antiviral Responses in Mouse Epididymal Epithelial Cells

“…These results raised an interesting question on whether the antiviral pathways are associated with the different negative influences of various viruses on male fertility (55,56). For example, mumps viral infection in adults seriously causes male infertility (57). The virus-specific innate immune signaling pathway in EECs and its impact on male fertility warrant further examinations.…”

Spermiogram changes in patients with mumps orchitis

“…U slučaju orhitisa, ultrazvučnom dijagnostikom se u akutnoj infekciji mogu utvrditi samo nespecifične karakteristike, kao što je hipoehogen testis povećanog volumena. Danas se smatra da je ultrazvučni color doppler mnogo senzitivniji nego klasičan ultrazvuk u otkrivanju inflamacije testisa [16].…”

“…Mumps orhitis se obično javlja u toku prve sedmice od pojave parotitisa ali se može javiti i do šest sedmica nakon parotitisa ili u njegovom odsustvu [10,16]. Kod svakog trećeg našeg bolesnika orhitis se pojavio u toku parotitisa, a kod preostalih nakon parotitisa.…”

“…U skladu sa podacima iz ostalih istraživanja [16], promjene CRP su bile povišene kod skoro svih naših bolesnika. Amilaze u serumu i urinu su, vezano za mumps infekciju, povišene kod bolesnika sa parotitisom i pankreatitisom [10], te su povišene vrijednosti kod pacijenata u našem istraživanju najvjerovatnije posljedica pojave orhitisa u toku ili neposredno nakon parotitisa.…”

“…Prema podacima iz literature spermatogeneza je ozbiljno poremećena kod polovine bolesnika jedan do tri mjeseca nakon oporavka od unilateralnog i bilateralnog orhitisa [16,24]. Smatra se da je unilateralni orhitis povezan sa prolaznim promjenama spermatogeneze, ali zabrinjava pojava anti-spermatozoidnih antitijela 84 dana nakon infekcije koja, uprkos oporavku spermatogeneze, mogu ukazivati na poremećaj funkcije testisa i time potencijalno uticati na plodnost oboljelih [25].…”