The increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? A review of the epidemiology of lung adenocarcinoma.

Charloux, Anne; Quoix, Élisabeth; Wolkove, Norman; Small, David; Pauli, G.; Kreisman, Harvey

doi:10.1093/ije/26.1.14

Cited by 217 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Moreover, since low-tar filter cigarette smokers tend to inhale deeply to compensate for reduced nicotine intake, cigarette smoke will reach the more peripheral regions where adenocarcinoma mainly occurs. 43) It is reported that low-tar cigarettes contain a higher level of nitrate and generate a higher level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which specifically induce adenocarcinoma in an animal model. 44,45) Also, it was shown in humans that switching from nonfilter to filter cigarettes will reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma, but not the risk of adenocarcinoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histologic Type: A Population‐based Study in Osaka, Japan

Sobue

Ajiki

Tsukuma

et al. 1999

Japanese Journal of Cancer Research

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We investigated trends of lung cancer incidence from 1974 to 1993 by histologic type, using data from the population-based cancer registry in Osaka, Japan. Since the proportion of cases with histologic types identified was not sufficiently high, sex-and age-specific incidence rates by histologic types were estimated assuming that the distribution of histologic types was the same across the same sex and age group regardless of reporting status. Cumulative risk from 0 to 74 years old for total lung cancer increased 1.3-fold from the period 1974-77 to 1986-89 and then plateaued in the period 1990-93 for both males and females. When divided into histologic types, cumulative risk for incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was almost constant during the study period for both males and females. During the same period, adenocarcinoma increased up to 1.4-fold for both males and females. This increase seemed to have reached a plateau recently for males, but not for females. Small cell carcinoma increased monotonously up to 1.6-to 1.7-fold for both males and females. Large cell carcinoma showed over 2-fold increase for both males and females; however, the estimates fluctuated due to the small number of cases. This study provides further evidence of a relative increase of adenocarcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma. Recent trends of tapering increase of lung cancer incidence should be confirmed by further observation.Key words: Lung cancer -Histologic type -Incidence -Trend -Smoking Recent trends of lung cancer incidence are showing different patterns by country. 1) In the US and UK, where lung cancer incidences were relatively high and smoking control has been successfully implemented, incidence of lung cancer in males has reached a peak and now is in the decreasing phase, starting from younger age groups. In contrast, in Eastern Europe, where smoking control has been less successful, the incidence is still increasing. These trends have been greatly influenced by the trends of smoking prevalence. It is well known that the magnitude of association between lung cancer and cigarette smoking differs by histologic types. Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma show a 10-to 20-fold increase among current smokers compared to non-smokers, while adenocarcinoma shows a 2-to 5-fold increase.2) Therefore, smoking prevalence influences the trends of incidences differently among histologic types.In the US and Europe, several hospital-based studies, [3][4][5][6] autopsy series 7) and population-based studies [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] have examined the trends of lung cancer incidence by histologic type. In Asian countries there have been hospitalbased studies, [17][18][19][20] and a population-based study. 21) Most of the studies showed a relative increase of adenocarcinoma as compared to squamous cell carcinoma in both males and females, especially in younger age groups. Lung cancer incidence in Japan has been relatively low compared to other countries. It is reported that cumulative risk (0-74 years old) of lung c...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histologic Type: A Population‐based Study in Osaka, Japan

Sobue

Ajiki

Tsukuma

et al. 1999

Japanese Journal of Cancer Research

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“…Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent form of lung cancer in younger males (v50 yrs old) and in women of all ages, in never smokers, and in former smokers [26]. Differences in tobacco smoking habits (filters, light tobacco cigarettes, profound inhalation) appear to favour the development of distal bronchiolar and alveolar carcinogenesis at the expense of proximal squamous cell carcinoma [27,28].…”

Section: Adenocarcinomasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours

Brambilla

Tv³

et al. 2001

European Respiratory Journal

919

622

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Tumour classification systems provide the foundation for tumour diagnosis and patient therapy and a critical basis for epidemiological and clinical studies. This updated classification was developed with the aim to adhere to the principles of reproducibility, clinical significance, and simplicity in order to minimize the number of unclassifiable lesions.Major changes in the revised classification as compared to the previous one (WHO 1981 [1]) include the addition of two pre-invasive lesions to squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Another change is the subclassification of adenocarcinoma: the definition of bronchioalveolar carcinoma has been restricted to noninvasive tumours. There has been substantial evolution of concepts in neuroendocrine lung tumour classification. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is now recognized as a histologically high grade non small cell carcinoma showing histopathological features of neuroendocrine differentiation as well as immunohistochemical neuroendocrine markers. The large cell carcinoma class has been enriched with several variants, including the LCNEC and the basaloid carcinoma, both with a dismal prognosis. Finally, a new class was defined called carcinoma with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements, which brings together a number of proliferations characterized by a spectrum of epithelial to mesenchymal differentiation.Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are invaluable techniques for diagnosis and subclassification, but our intention was to render the classification simple and practical to every surgical laboratory, so that most lung tumours could be classified by light microscopic criteria.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] It is hypothesized that this trend is mainly due to the dissemination of low-tar filter cigarettes, [7][8][9] since filters mainly remove the larger particles in cigarette smoke, which tend to be deposited in the central large bronchus where most squamous cell carcinomas arise. However, such filters do not remove smaller particles, which tend to reach the peripheral region of the lung where adenocarcinomas arise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of lung cancer by histologic type in middle‐aged Japanese men and women: The JPHC study

Sobue

Yamamoto

Hara

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

143

118

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In order to update the findings of relative risk associated with cigarette smoking for lung cancer by histologic type in Japan, the data from a population-based cohort study of 91,738 men and women were analyzed. During 1990 -1999, 422 lung cancer incident cases were identified. The relative risk for all incident cases associated with current smokers versus non-smokers was 4.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0 -6.8] and 4.2 (95% CI: 2.4 -7.2), for men and women, respectively. When divided by histologic type, relative risk for squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma was 12.7 (95% CI: 4.7-34.7) and 17.5 (95% CI: 4.9 -62.1), while for adenocarcinoma it was 2.8 (95% CI: 1.6 -4.9) and 2.0 (95% CI: 0.8 -5.0) for men and women, respectively. We confirmed that the lung cancer risk in men rose with increasing cigarette smoking, especially the duration of smoking among current smokers and decreased after the cessation of smoking among former smokers. Unlike the US or European countries, the relative risk did not increase in this updated study, compared with previous studies in 1960s to 1990s in Japan either for all incident cases or for specific histologic types and the magnitude of relative risks was substantially lower than that observed in the US or European countries, especially for adenocarcinoma. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: lung cancer; histologic type; cigarette smoking; relative riskRecent trends in lung cancer incidence showed a relative increase in adenocarcinoma as compared with squamous cell carcinoma for both men and women in various countries. [1][2][3][4][5][6] It is hypothesized that this trend is mainly due to the dissemination of low-tar filter cigarettes, 7-9 since filters mainly remove the larger particles in cigarette smoke, which tend to be deposited in the central large bronchus where most squamous cell carcinomas arise. However, such filters do not remove smaller particles, which tend to reach the peripheral region of the lung where adenocarcinomas arise. Moreover, in order to compensate for nicotine intake, smokers of low-tar filter cigarettes tend to inhale more deeply than those of nonfilter cigarettes, which results in more cigarette smoke reaching the peripheral region. Switching from nonfilter to filter cigarettes occurred mostly during in the US, the UK and Japan, where market share of filtered cigarette exceeded that of nonfilter cigarette in 1959, 1967 and 1965, respectively. 10,11 In the US and European countries, this hypothesis is supported by the finding that the magnitude of the relative risk of lung adenocarcinoma associated with cigarette smoking increased in recent studies, just when the usage of low-tar filter cigarette became more widespread among study subjects. It is reported from the US that the risk of lung adenocarcinoma is many times higher for current smokers than non-smokers, i.e., 19.0-fold for men and 8.1-fold for women in the Cancer Prevention Study (CPS) II (1982II ( -1984, while in CPS I (1959 -1961) corresponding estimates were 4.6 and 1.5 for me...

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The increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? A review of the epidemiology of lung adenocarcinoma.

Cited by 217 publications

References 87 publications

Trends of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histologic Type: A Population‐based Study in Osaka, Japan

Trends of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histologic Type: A Population‐based Study in Osaka, Japan

The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours

Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of lung cancer by histologic type in middle‐aged Japanese men and women: The JPHC study

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