The increase in nitrate reductase activity and protein content of plants treated with simazine.

Ries, S. K.; Chmiel, H; Dilley, David R.; Filner, Philip

doi:10.1073/pnas.58.2.526

Cited by 101 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…In addition, simazine increased the rate of respiration and decreased the dry weight of rye plants (14). The observed increase in the activity of starch phosphorylase followed by an enhanced rate of pyruvate kinase and cytochrome oxidase lends support to the view that s-triazines stimulate the utilization of carbohydrates for amino acid and protein synthesis.…”

Section: S-triazines and Metabolism Of Peas And Cornsupporting

confidence: 57%

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Singh

Salunkhe

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Foliar applications of 2 milligrams per liter of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine, and 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine caused increases in the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase, cytochrome oxidase, and glutamate dehydrogenase 5, 10, and 15 days after treatment in the leaves of 3-week-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L). The results indicate that sublethal concentrations of s-triazine compounds affect the physiological and biochemical events in plants which favor more utilization of carbohydrates for nitrate reAuction and synthesis of amino acids and proteins.It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds. Other metabolic and compositional changes following the application of s-triazines include an increase in total soluble amino acids, and the activities of nitrate reductase, transaminase, a-amylase, starch phosphorylase, adenosine triphosphatase, and 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (17,18,20), and a decrease in starch and soluble sugars (16,21). In this study, the influence of foliar applications of 2 mg/l of simazine', igran, and GS-14254 on the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvic kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in the leaves of pea and sweet corn is described. MATERIAL AND METHODSPea (Pisum sativum L., var. Perfected Freezer) and sweet corn (Zea mays L., var. Iochief) seeds were sown in perlite in 1.5-liter plastic pots in the greenhouse. The plants were maintained at a 16-hr photoperiod of 25 to 27 C by lengthening ambient greenhouse day length with fluorescent light and 18 to 21 C dark temperatures. When the seedlings were 3 weeks old, 2 mg/l water solutions of simazine, igran, and GS-14254 were thoroughly sprayed on the leaves. Triton B-1956 (Rohm 1 Abbreviations: simazine: 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine; igran:2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine; GS-14254: 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine.and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) was used as a surfactant. Control plants were sprayed with a water solution of the surfactant only. The leaf samples were taken for enzyme assay at 5, 10, and 15 days following spray application.Starch phosphorylase was extracted by homogenizing 2 g of leaves in 10 ml of 0.1 M tris buffer, pH 6.3. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 min. The supernatant fluid was used as a source of the enzyme. The enzyme assay was conducted by using the method of Lee (9). Inorganic phosphate was determined by an adaptation of the procedure of Fiske and Subbarow (7).The extraction and assay of pyruvate kinase were conducted by using the slightly modified method described by Miller and Evans (12). For preparati...

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Section: S-triazines and Metabolism Of Peas And Cornsupporting

confidence: 57%

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Singh

Salunkhe

1971

Plant Physiol.

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“…However, atrazine inhibited mycelial growth of P. arrenomanes in vitro when applied at the label rate (Dissanayake et al, 1998). The mechanism of root and shoot growth stimulation of triazine herbicides was shown to be an increase in the activity of nitrite reductase and transaminase (Ries et al, 1967) and seem also to refer to pea and sweet corn (Wu et al, 1972). Even though triazine and maybe other triazine herbicides are able to inhibit P. arrenomanes in vitro, such an effect was not observed in the field.…”

Section: Triazine Herbicidesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Unexpected Side Effects of Herbicides: Modulation of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Kortekamp¹

2011

Herbicides and Environment

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“…Recently, it has been shown that at subtoxic concentrations simazine can stimulate growth and nitrogen content in some species (3,11,12). This stimulation occurs only when nitrate rather than ammonia serves as the nitrogen source and is apparently associated with an increased nitrate reductase activity (10,16). Although the mechanism by which simazine stimulates a general increase in protein content is not understood (13), it seems to be most effective under conditions which are suboptimal for growth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although the mechanism by which simazine stimulates a general increase in protein content is not understood (13), it seems to be most effective under conditions which are suboptimal for growth. Thus, in rye and corn (10,16) the effect of simazine is greatest at suboptimal nitrate levels, and in corn the effect is also enhanced by low temperatures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effects of Simazine and Temperature on Photosynthesis in Rye

Tieszen

1970

Plant Physiol.

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Temperature durinig growth lhad a strong influienice on light-saturated rates of pliotosynthesis anid respiration in rye (Secale cereale). Carbon were removed and uniform plants containing about four leaves were selected. On the 7th day the plants in 4-inch pots were placed in the growth chambers, and treatments with nutrient solution, according to Hoagland and Arnon (6), and simazine were started. Three days a week each pot received 70 ml of nutrient solution containing 0.00, 0.03, 0.08, or 0.12 mg/liter simazine. On nontreatment days, 150 ml of distilled water were used to "flush" each pot.The seedlings were grown under a 12-hr photoperiod and a light intensity of 1600 ft-c. Relative humidity was maintained between 35 and 50' c The four temperature regimes coincided with the photoperiods and were about 10 C cooler during the dark period (D) than during the light period (L) (7°L:0°D, 17°L: 70D, 27°L:170D, 35°L :270D). Twenty-four plants were grown under each experimental condition, and the pots were randomly mixed after each treatment.Terminal analyses were made near the end of the light period 30 days after germination was started. Young, fully expanded leaves were used for determinations of chlorophyll (1) and photosynthesis. In the photosynthesis studies, two or three intact leaf segments (about 75 mm long) were enclosed in special copper assimilation chambers which consisted of water jackets for temperature regulation and a variable speed fan to mix the air. Modeling clay was used to form an air-tight seal around the leaves and also between the Plexiglass lid and the lower copper chamber. Air containing 310 mg liter of CO2 was passed through the chamber at measured flow rates from a compressed source. The concentration of CO2 leaving the chamber was monitored by the gas analyzer and never deviated more than 20 mg liter from the source. Chamber temperature was measured by enclosed thermistors which activated the water bath and maintained the air temperature at 20 4 0.5 C. The light source consisted of General Electric Cool Beam incandescent bulbs filtered through 2 inches of water. Intensity was altered by inserting filters in the light path and by making fine voltage adjustments. The relative humidity of the air entering the chamber was around 40%c. Normally, five plants were analyzed at the same time, and less than 45 min were necessary to attain stable readings of dark respiration and photosynthesis at 100 and 2500 ft-c. RESULTSGrowth was markedly influenced by temperature (Table I), with the most leaf production occurring at 27°L:17°D, and the least at the lowest temperature. Leaf length generally increased as temperature increased. Effects of simazine were not evident at the lower temperatures but were quite apparent at the higher temperatures where increasing concentrations resulted in both fewer and shorter leaves. These leaves also appeared generally chlorotic and were quite lax.The effect of simazine on chlorophyll content also varied as a function of temperature (Fig. 1). At the two highe...

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The increase in nitrate reductase activity and protein content of plants treated with simazine.

Cited by 101 publications

References 10 publications

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Unexpected Side Effects of Herbicides: Modulation of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

The Effects of Simazine and Temperature on Photosynthesis in Rye

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