The inclusion of fisheries and tourism in marine protected areas to support conservation in Indonesia

Diversity in marine protected area regulations: Protection approaches for locally appropriate marine management

“…In a similar way, Wakatobi NP must balance dual objectives of sustainable fisheries with biodiversity conservation (Table 1; Amkieltiela et al, 2022). Indonesia has national fisheries management, however, this mostly excludes small-scale fisheries (vessels < 10 gross tons), which remain largely unmanaged despite representing the majority of fishing vessels (Halim et al, 2019;Tranter et al, 2022). The few national regulations that apply to small-scale fisheries, such as bans on destructive fishing gears and restrictions on some threatened species harvesting (e.g., humphead wrasse; Cheilinus undulatus), are poorly enforced (Amkieltiela et al, 2022;Tranter et al, 2022).…”

Evaluating annual severe coral bleaching risk for marine protected areas across Indonesia

“…Coral reefs experiencing ASB are likely to cause severe impacts on the ecosystem services provided by reefsand so have knock-on impacts on human well-being of coastal communities across Indonesia. These impacts are likely to be particularly felt in the marine tourism sector and the coastal fisheries sectorsboth of which have high reliance on productive and healthy coral reef ecosystems [72]. However, there is limited evidence and evaluation of the likely impacts of ASB on these sectors [72].…”

“…These impacts are likely to be particularly felt in the marine tourism sector and the coastal fisheries sectorsboth of which have high reliance on productive and healthy coral reef ecosystems [72]. However, there is limited evidence and evaluation of the likely impacts of ASB on these sectors [72]. Previous research has suggested that an increased understanding of the effects of bleaching can help align stakeholders' views against this common threat, when previously they had mixed priorities/perspectives on marine threats [47].…”

“…This marine tourism is not spread evenly across Indonesia, with the province of Bali the dominant destination, receiving over half of all international visitors [60]. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Government of Indonesia implemented a tourism strategy that had two main components: (i) shifting away from focusing on increasing the number of tourists visiting Indonesia to a focus on increasing the income captured by Indonesian communities and the government from tourism, and (ii) more evenly spreading tourism activities geographically across Indonesia so that more regions could benefit [7,72]. As part of this drive to increase tourism outside of Bali, the Government of Indonesia identified ten priority locations for tourism development, as well as an additional ten priority areas for underwater tourism (i.e.…”

“…As part of this drive to increase tourism outside of Bali, the Government of Indonesia identified ten priority locations for tourism development, as well as an additional ten priority areas for underwater tourism (i.e. scuba diving-and snorkelling-based tourism) [7,72].…”