The incidence of scarlet fever

Perks, E M; Mayon-White, Richard

doi:10.1017/s0022172400060204

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Those investigators suggested that host factors, including individual and population-based immunity, must also be significant in influencing the infection potential. Among the M serotypes, M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, and M22 were detected among the isolates associated with scarlet fever (11,24,25,34). In this study, we showed that the prevalent emm types for the S. pyogenes isolates collected in central Taiwan between 1996 and 1999 were emm4 (45%), emm12 (36%), emm1 (8%), and emm22 (7%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization ofStreptococcus pyogenesRecovered from Scarlet Fever Patients in Central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999

et al. 2004

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One hundred seventy-nine Streptococcus pyogenes isolates recovered from scarlet fever patients from 1996 to 1999 in central Taiwan were characterized by emm, Vir, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing methods. The protocols for Vir and PFGE typing were standardized. A database of the DNA fingerprints for the isolates was established. Nine emm or emm-like genes, 19 Vir patterns, and 26 SmaI PFGE patterns were detected among the isolates. Among the three typing methods, PFGE was the most discriminatory. However, it could not completely replace Vir typing because some isolates with identical PFGE patterns could be further differentiated into several Vir patterns. The prevalent emm types were emm4 (n ‫؍‬ 81 isolates [45%]), emm12 (n ‫؍‬ 64 [36%]), emm1 (n ‫؍‬ 14 [8%]), and emm22 (n ‫؍‬ 13 [7%]). Some emm type isolates could be further differentiated into several emm-Vir-PFGE genotypes; however, only one genotype in each emm group was usually predominant. DNA from nine isolates was resistant to SmaI digestion. Further PFGE analysis with SgrAI showed that the SmaI digestion-resistant strains could be derived from indigenous strains by horizontal transfer of exogenous genetic material. The emergence of the new strains could have resulted in an increase in scarlet fever cases in central Taiwan since 2000. The emm sequences, Vir, and PFGE pattern database will serve as a basis for information for the long-term evolutionary study of local S. pyogenes strains.Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of human diseases ranging from relatively mild skin infections to severe invasive diseases, such as acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, puerperal sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, meningitis, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (9,29). Among the diseases caused by this pathogen, scarlet fever, characterized by a strawberry tongue, skin rash, and sore throat, is most prevalent in schoolchildren aged 4 to 7 years. In Taiwan, scarlet fever is a notifiable disease, with 150 to 230 confirmed cases per year from 1996 to 1999. Since only 9% of the medical centers, regional hospitals, and district hospitals in central Taiwan had ever reported cases to the health authorities from 1996 to 1999, the number of scarlet fever cases should be severely underreported. Scarlet fever outbreaks are not uncommon at daycare centers, kindergartens, and elementary schools (5, 16). However, the molecular epidemiology of this disease has not been well studied in Taiwan.Analysis of the clonal relationships between clinical isolates from patients by various typing methods is a practical approach to elucidation of the epidemiology of a disease. To date, a number of phenotyping and genotyping methods have been described for S. pyogenes (1, 3, 10, 13, 18-20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 33). Among these methods, M serotyping has been taken as the "gold standard" for the characterization of S. pyogenes strains, in light of its importance to streptococcal virulence. However, application of M serotyping is restricted due to the lack of a comprehensive set...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization ofStreptococcus pyogenesRecovered from Scarlet Fever Patients in Central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999

et al. 2004

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“…Both emm 3 and emm 4 S. pyogenes strains have been associated with scarlet fever ( 5 ). In the Far East, emm 1 and emm 4 isolates were the leading causes of scarlet fever in the late 1990s ( 6 ), although more recently, antimicrobial drug–resistant emm 12 S. pyogenes has dominated in this region ( 7 – 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014

Turner¹,

Pyzio²,

Song³

et al. 2016

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Scarlet fever notifications surged across the United Kingdom in spring 2014. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in North-West London highlighted increased emm4 and emm3 infections coincident with the upsurge. Unlike outbreaks in other countries, antimicrobial resistance was uncommon, highlighting an urgent need to better understand the drivers of scarlet fever activity.

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“…M type 1 and M type 6 streptococci were isolated from single outbreaks. Perks & Mayon-White (1983), in a study of scarlet fever in the Oxford region found that 480 of the cultures were M type 4 and M type 3 was cultured from 20 % of their patients. Some 30 years ago representatives of type 4 were isolated more frequently from patients with scarlet fever than from those with uncomplicated tonsillitis (Report 1954(Report , 1957.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A streptococci

Hallas¹

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYLancefield group A streptococci isolated from recent outbreaks and sporadic cases of scarlet fever were restricted to the following M types 1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18, 22 and 66. These strains were examined for the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) types A, B and C by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and by immunoprecipitation in agar gels. SPE B was produced by 70 % of the strains and SPE C by 4000. SPE A could not be detected in these strains. In contrast, SPE type A was found in 4 of 10 strains, held by the NCTC, that had been isolated before 1940 from patients with scarlet fever. Nine of 12 recent isolates from patients with sore throat uncomplicated by a rash produced SPE C and 4 of these also produced SPE B.

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The incidence of scarlet fever

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization ofStreptococcus pyogenesRecovered from Scarlet Fever Patients in Central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999

Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization ofStreptococcus pyogenesRecovered from Scarlet Fever Patients in Central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999

Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014

The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A streptococci

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