The Incidence of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Canada, Foodbook Survey 2014-2015

Thomas, M. Kate; Murray, Regan; Nesbitt, Andrea; Pollari, Frank

doi:10.1155/2017/5956148

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Enteric illness is an important cause of morbidity and mortality causing substantial economic, human and animal health impacts worldwide (Thomas, Murray, Nesbitt, & Pollari, ). Enteric illness is characterized by vomiting and/or diarrhoea and can be accompanied by fever, abdominal pain and anorexia (Majowicz et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

Julien

Sargeant

Guy

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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There are few epidemiologic studies on the role of dogs in zoonotic parasitic transmission in the Circumpolar North. The objectives of this study were to: (a) estimate the faecal prevalence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs; (b) investigate potential associations between the type of dog population and the faecal presence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.; and (c) describe the molecular characteristics of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut. We conducted two cross‐sectional studies in July and September 2016. In July, the team collected daily faecal samples for 3 days from each of 20 sled dogs. In September, the team collected three faecal samples from each of 59 sled dogs, 111 samples from shelter dogs and 104 from community dogs. We analysed faecal samples for the presence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. using rapid immunoassay and flotation techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of target genes were performed on positive faecal samples. Overall, the faecal prevalence of at least one of the target parasites, when one faecal sample was chosen at random for all dogs, was 8.16% (CI: 5.52–11.92), and for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence was 4.42% (CI: 2.58–7.49) and 6.12% (CI: 3.88–9.53), respectively. The odds of faecal Giardia spp. in sled dogs were significantly higher than those in shelter and community dogs (OR 10.19 [CI: 1.16–89.35]). Sequence analysis revealed that 6 faecal samples were Giardia intestinalis, zoonotic assemblage B (n = 2) and species‐specific assemblages D (n = 3) and E (n = 1), and five faecal samples were Cryptosporidium canis. Giardia intestinalis is zoonotic; however, Cryptosporidium canis is rare in humans and, when present, usually occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Dogs may be a potential source of zoonotic Giardia intestinalis assemblage B infections in residents in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada; however, the direction of transmission is unclear.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

Julien

Sargeant

Guy

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…As expected, our estimates of healthcare utilisation and deaths are lower than other reported estimates for the total number of cases of waterborne infections. Supporting this finding, telephone surveys to determine the levels of acute GI illness in Canada found that only 9–22% of respondents who reported illness sought medical care [40, 41]. One study estimated acute GI illness in Canada by modelling data on drinking-water treatment systems, randomised control trials of drinking-water interventions and GI illness risk associated with distribution systems [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of healthcare utilisation and deaths from waterborne pathogen exposure in Ontario, Canada

et al. 2020

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Burden of disease analyses can quantify the relative impact of different exposures on population health outcomes. Gastroenteritis where the causative pathogen was not determined and respiratory illness resulting from exposure to opportunistic pathogens transmitted by water aerosols have not always been considered in waterborne burden of disease estimates. We estimated the disease burden attributable to nine enteric pathogens, unspecified pathogens leading to gastroenteritis, and three opportunistic pathogens leading primarily to respiratory illness, in Ontario, Canada (population ~14 million). Employing a burden of disease framework, we attributed a fraction of annual (year 2016) emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalisations and deaths to waterborne transmission. Attributable fractions were developed from the literature and clinical input, and unattributed disease counts were obtained using administrative data. Our Monte Carlo simulation reflected uncertainty in the inputs. The estimated mean annual attributable rates for waterborne diseases were (per 100 000 population): 69 ED visits, 12 hospitalisations and 0.52 deaths. The corresponding 5th–95th percentile estimates were (per 100 000 population): 13–158 ED visits, 5–22 hospitalisations and 0.29–0.83 deaths. The burden of disease due to unspecified pathogens dominated these rates: 99% for ED visits, 63% for hospitalisations and 40% for deaths. However, when a causative pathogen was specified, the majority of hospitalisations (83%) and deaths (97%) resulted from exposure to the opportunistic pathogens Legionella spp., non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Pseudomonas spp. The waterborne disease burden in Ontario indicates the importance of gastroenteritis not traced back to a particular pathogen and of opportunistic pathogens transmitted primarily through contact with water aerosols.

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“…1 ). For example, a recent Canada-wide telephone survey revealed that only 9% of people experiencing an episode of acute gastrointestinal illness sought medical care, of which less than one in five was asked to submit a sample for laboratory testing (Thomas et al , 2017 ). The lack of an identified pathogen for most deaths, hospitalizations, and ED visits suggests that pathogen-specific approaches to infectious disease surveillance can substantially underestimate the burden of disease due to food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Annual Deaths, Hospitalizations, and Emergency Department and Physician Office Visits from Foodborne Illness in Ontario

Drudge

Greco

Kim

et al. 2019

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Public Health Ontario is working to estimate the burden of disease from environmental hazards in Ontario, Canada. As part of this effort, we estimated deaths and health care utilization resulting from exposure to pathogens and toxic substances in food. We applied fractions for the proportion of illness attributable to foodborne transmission to the annual (2008–2012) counts of deaths, hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and physician office visits for 15 diseases (13 pathogen-specific diseases and 2 nonspecific syndromes) captured by administrative health data. Nonspecific gastroenteritis (causative agent unknown) was the dominant disease, accounting for 98% of ED visits, 94% of hospitalizations, and 88% of deaths annually attributed to the 15 diseases. We estimated that foodborne nonspecific gastroenteritis results in ∼137,000 physician office visits (1000/100,000 population), 40,000 ED visits (310/100,000), 6200 hospitalizations (47/100,000), and 59 deaths (0.45/100,000) in Ontario per year (mean estimates). Our results indicate that pathogen-specific approaches to foodborne disease surveillance can substantially underestimate the deaths and illness resulting from exposure to foodborne pathogens and other causes of foodborne illness.

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The Incidence of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Canada, Foodbook Survey 2014-2015

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

Estimates of healthcare utilisation and deaths from waterborne pathogen exposure in Ontario, Canada

Estimated Annual Deaths, Hospitalizations, and Emergency Department and Physician Office Visits from Foodborne Illness in Ontario

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