The incidence and body site of skin cancers in the population groups of <scp>S</scp>outh <scp>A</scp>frica

Norval, Mary; Kellett, Patricia; Wright, Caradee Y.

doi:10.1111/phpp.12106

Cited by 62 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Data from the NCR in 2000-2004 revealed that, when reported, the percentage of melanomas presenting as acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) (Figure 3) was 16.6% in the Black African population compared with 0.8% in the White population (13). These figures are comparable with those reported in a US study which found that 16.7% of melanomas …”

Section: Body Sites and Subtypes Of Melanoma In The White And Black Asupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Age-specific rates increased with age among the study sample with the steepest trends in the age group of 55 years and above. Another study reported that the mean age at presentation of melanoma among Black Africans in Cape Town was 60.5 (22), while data from the NCR indicated that the mean age in both Black African and White South Africans was approximately 55 (13). No significant difference between Black Africans and Whites in the percentage of the cases presenting under the age of 40 was demonstrated, indicating that age as a risk factor did not differ with skin color (13).…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The percentage of CMs occurring on four body sites in the White and Black African populations in 2000-2004 in South Africa has been calculated in one study (13) and is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that there was a reasonably even distribution throughout the body in White males and females although, as also reported by Saxe et al (10), in Whites living in Cape Town, the trunk was the predominant site in males and the lower limb and/or hip in females.…”

Section: Body Sites and Subtypes Of Melanoma In The White And Black Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma in the White and Black African Population Groups in South Africa

Norval

Wright

2017

Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy

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Abstract:In this chapter, two South African population groups, White and Black African, are compared with regard to cutaneous melanoma (CM). The incidence of CM in Black Africans is about 10% of that in Whites, explained at least in part by the protection offered by cutaneous melanin. The incidence has probably risen in Whites over the past 40 years but seems to be unchanged in Black Africans. The commonest CM subtype in Whites is superficial spreading; it occurs on various body sites, the most frequent being the trunk in males and the lower leg/hip in women. Most CMs in both male and female Black Africans are found on the lower leg and/or hip with a significant proportion being acral lentiginous melanoma, a subtype rarely seen in Whites. Risk factors including exposure to the sun, trauma, human immunodeficiency virus infection, albinism, age, and genetics are summarized and are likely to differ between the two population groups. The stage of CM at diagnosis tends to be more advanced in Black Africans than in Whites and, similarly, the survival rates are considerably lower in Black Africans. Reasons for the differences in CM between the two population groups are suggested.

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Section: Body Sites and Subtypes Of Melanoma In The White And Black Asupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Body Sites and Subtypes Of Melanoma In The White And Black Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma in the White and Black African Population Groups in South Africa

Norval

Wright

2017

Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy

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“…This potential is because of the country's low latitude (22-35°S), high altitude in the interior, annual average daytime temperature of 22 °C (thereby encouraging time spent outdoors) and high ultraviolet index (UVI) occurrences almost year-round. 1,2 The global UVI is a measure of solar UVR intended to inform the general public about UVR intensity; the index ranges from 0, which is considered low, to 11 or higher, which is considered extreme. 3,4 Exposure to UVR is known to have both beneficial and harmful photobiological effects on humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time measurement of outdoor worker’s exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation in Pretoria, South Africa

Makgabutlane¹,

Wright²

2015

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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The city of Pretoria in South Africa receives considerable solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) because of its low latitude (22–35°S) and relatively clear skies. Certain meteorological factors affect the amount of solar UVR that reaches the ground; the most dominant factors being stratospheric ozone, cloud cover and solar zenith angle. It is known that overexposure to solar UVR may lead to the development of adverse health conditions, the most significant being skin cancer. Outdoor workers spend a significant amount of time outside and are thus susceptible to this risk. In this case study, we estimated, for the first time, the realtime solar UVR exposure of an outdoor worker in Pretoria. Measurements were made on 27 and 28 May 2013 using a handheld ultraviolet index (UVI) meter calibrated against a science-grade biometer at the South African Weather Service in Pretoria. Personal exposure estimation was used to discern the pattern in diurnal and annual sunburn risk for the outdoor worker. Ambient UVR levels ranged from 0 UVI to 4.66 UVI and the outdoor worker’s potential exposure estimates regularly exceeded 80% of these levels depending on the time of day. The risk of sunburn was evident; however, actual incidents would depend on individual skin photosensitivity and melanin content, as well as sun protection used. Further research is needed to determine the personal exposure estimations of outdoor workers in other provinces in which solar UVR levels may be equally high, or higher than those in Pretoria.

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“…[2] The incidence of melanoma is high in several countries, but especially in Australia and New Zealand (NZ), [3] and among the white population group of South Africa (SA). [4] Public health awareness campaigns that communicate the dangers of excess sun exposure, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), have been ongoing at varying intensities. As part of these efforts, in both NZ [5] and SA (personal communication, G Coetzee, South African Weather Service, Pretoria) the Global Solar Ultraviolet Index (UVI) has been broadcast in the media for varying periods of time.…”

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confidence: 99%

School students’ knowledge and understanding of the Global Solar Ultraviolet Index

2015

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Background. The Global Solar Ultraviolet Index (UVI) is a health communication tool used to inform the public about the health risks of excess solar UV radiation and encourage appropriate sun-protection behaviour. Knowledge and understanding of the UVI has been evaluated among adult populations but not among school students. Objectives. To draw on previously unpublished data from two school-based studies, one in New Zealand (NZ) and the other in South Africa (SA), to investigate and compare students' knowledge of the UVI and, where possible, report their understanding of UVI. Methods. Cross-sectional samples of schoolchildren in two countries answered questions on whether they had seen or heard of the UVI and questions aimed at probing their understanding of this measure. Results. Self-report questionnaires were completed by 1 177 students, comprising 472 NZ (264 year 8 (Y8), 214 year 4 (Y4) students) and 705 SA grade 7 primary-school students aged 8 -13 years. More than half of the NZ Y8 students answered that they had previously heard about or seen the UVI, whereas significantly more SA students and NZ Y4 students replied that they had neither seen nor heard about the UVI. Among the NZ students who had seen or heard of the UVI, understanding of the tool was fairly good. Conclusion. The observed lack of awareness among many students in both countries provides an opportunity to introduce an innovative and age-appropriate UVI communication method that combines level of risk with behavioural responses to UVI categories and focus on personal relevance to the UVI message.

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The incidence and body site of skin cancers in the population groups of South Africa

Abstract: In South Africa, differences in reported incidence rates and body sites of skin tumours by population group and sex occur. Host characteristics, particularly skin phototype, and personal behaviour are likely to affect the risk of these cancers.

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

The Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma in the White and Black African Population Groups in South Africa

The Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma in the White and Black African Population Groups in South Africa

Real-time measurement of outdoor worker’s exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation in Pretoria, South Africa

School students’ knowledge and understanding of the Global Solar Ultraviolet Index

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