The Inactivation of Spores of
            <i>Bacillus globigii</i>
            and
            <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>
            by Free Available Chlorine

Brazis, A. R.; Leslie, J. E.; Kabler, Paul W.; Woodward, Richard L.

doi:10.1128/am.6.5.338-342.1958

Cited by 38 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Bacillus atrophaeus has been reported to be slightly less susceptible to germicides than B anthracis, and therefore is an excellent surrogate. 12,13 Health care workers may be exposed to B anthracis in at least 4 circumstances. First, direct contact with cutaneous lesions of anthrax has led to person-to-person transmission of anthrax including transmission from patients to health care workers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Limited data are available regarding the susceptibility of B anthracis to germicides. 12,13,22 Bacillus anthracis has been demonstrated to be inactivated by chlorine, 12,13 4% formaldehyde, 21 2% glutaraldehyde, 13 and 0.025% peracetic acid, 13 but not 70% ethanol. 22 Bacillus atrophaeus spores have been reported to be slightly more resistant to germicides than are B anthracis spores, 12,13 making B atrophaeus an excellent surrogate for B anthracis.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13,22 Bacillus anthracis has been demonstrated to be inactivated by chlorine, 12,13 4% formaldehyde, 21 2% glutaraldehyde, 13 and 0.025% peracetic acid, 13 but not 70% ethanol. 22 Bacillus atrophaeus spores have been reported to be slightly more resistant to germicides than are B anthracis spores, 12,13 making B atrophaeus an excellent surrogate for B anthracis. Chlorine at a concentration of 100 ppm will kill more than 99.9% of B atrophaeus spores in 5 minutes.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Efficacy of Selected Hand Hygiene Agents Used to Remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a Surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) From Contaminated Hands

Weber¹,

Sickbert-Bennett²,

Gergen³

et al. 2003

JAMA

112

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ContextThe intentional use of Bacillus anthracis transmitted via the US mail in October-November 2001 resulted in 22 people developing inhalation or cutaneous anthrax. Glove use with handwashing prior to and after contact with potential contaminated environmental surfaces and cutaneous lesions has been recommended. However, only limited data are available on the susceptibility of B anthracis to antiseptics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Efficacy of Selected Hand Hygiene Agents Used to Remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a Surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) From Contaminated Hands

Weber¹,

Sickbert-Bennett²,

Gergen³

et al. 2003

JAMA

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is due to the strong resistance of bacterial spores to disinfectant, and it is speculated that a high concentration of MA-T is required to expect an effect on spores as with conventional chlorine-based disinfectants. [28][29][30] However, for Bacillus cereus, which also forms spores, MIC and MBC were as low as 2.5 ppm. It is presumed that Bacillus cereus used in this test were the vegetative cells, pre-spore-forming bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of MA-T Safety and Efficacy Against Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2021

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Matching transformation system (MA-T) is an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution. It is a disinfectant developed to maximize the safety of chlorine dioxide radical in water and its effectiveness against various microorganisms. In this study, we examined the safety and effectiveness of MA-T for its use in various infectious disease countermeasures, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and consider if MA-T can be implemented in society. To validate the safety of MA-T, we conducted safety tests and efficacy tests in accordance with GLP-based reliability criteria. To evaluate the efficacy, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) confirmation tests against various bacteria, and virus inactivation test against various viruses including SARS-CoV-2 by TCID 50 method were performed. The results of safety tests showed that MA-T was at least as safe as Japanese tap water. As a result of efficacy tests for microorganisms, MA-T was effective against many bacteria. Efficacy tests for virus showed that MA-T inactivates SARS-CoV-1, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), rotavirus A (RV-A), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus (DENV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). MA-T also inactivated 99.98% of SARS-CoV-2, which is equivalent to ethanol for disinfection. MA-T has proven to be a safe and effective disinfectant. MA-T is a next-generation disinfectant that has the potential to be safer and more effective than conventional chlorine disinfectants and other disinfectants. It also proved to be an effective disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2, which is currently causing pandemic all over the world.

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“…Once sodium hypochlorite dissolves in water (Equations (1)–(3)) the two compounds that cause disinfection via oxidation are generated, namely hypochlorite ion (OCl − ), a weak base, and its corresponding acid, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), whose percentage is determined by water’s pH and which is the most active between the two [ 33 , 34 ]. In fact, hypochlorous acid, due to no electronic charge, better penetrate the microorganism cell wall or any protective layer and effectively kills them by oxidating the side chains of proteins’ amino acids [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Most Common Antimicrobial Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back to Basics: Choosing the Appropriate Surface Disinfectant

Artasensi

Fumagalli

2021

Antibiotics

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From viruses to bacteria, our lives are filled with exposure to germs. In built environments, exposure to infectious microorganisms and their byproducts is clearly linked to human health. In the last year, public health emergency surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic stressed the importance of having good biosafety measures and practices. To prevent infection from spreading and to maintain the barrier, disinfection and hygiene habits are crucial, especially when the microorganism can persist and survive on surfaces. Contaminated surfaces are called fomites and on them, microorganisms can survive even for months. As a consequence, fomites serve as a second reservoir and transfer pathogens between hosts. The knowledge of microorganisms, type of surface, and antimicrobial agent is fundamental to develop the best approach to sanitize fomites and to obtain good disinfection levels. Hence, this review has the purpose to briefly describe the organisms, the kind of risk associated with them, and the main classes of antimicrobials for surfaces, to help choose the right approach to prevent exposure to pathogens.

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The Inactivation of Spores of Bacillus globigii and Bacillus anthracis by Free Available Chlorine

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Efficacy of Selected Hand Hygiene Agents Used to Remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a Surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) From Contaminated Hands

Efficacy of Selected Hand Hygiene Agents Used to Remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a Surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) From Contaminated Hands

Verification of MA-T Safety and Efficacy Against Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2

Back to Basics: Choosing the Appropriate Surface Disinfectant

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