The in-vivo and in-vitro Effectiveness of Three Insecticides Types for Eradication of The Tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Dogs

Abstract

Background: External parasites contribute to extensive harmful impacts on their hosts which is why control and eradication of external parasites have been included in all biosecurity plans of dog houses. Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro and in-vivo effectiveness of chemicals like Doramectin injectable and Fipronil 50 mg/ml drops and herbal mixes eco-friendly insecticides like phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix spray for combating the external parasitism in dogs and their influence on the hematological, biochemical, and cortisol (CORT) profiles. Method: The in-vitro effectiveness of the insecticides was conducted by using a total of 216 developmental stage Rhipicephalus sanguineus (72 adults, 72 larvae, and 72 eggs) designed into three replicates of petri dishes (3 plates × 8 units × 3 stages/replicate); each replicate was exposed to 1 ml insecticide. The number of surviving ticks was recorded after 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours. Sixteen Rottweiler male dogs aged 1 year and 45.5 kg were divided into four groups. Three groups (G1, G2, and G3) were experimentally infested with R. sanguineus ticks 3–4 weeks post-dog arrival and kept under observation from zero-time of experimental infestation for 1–2 weeks. The three experimentally infested dog groups were treated with Doramectin injectable, Fipronil 50 mg/ml drops, and phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix spray, respectively, and the fourth group was designed as a negative control. A total of 144 samples, including 48 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood, 48 whole blood, and 48 sera samples, were collected. Results: The in-vitro efficacy revealed highly significant ( p < 0.01) 100% killing efficacy that was achieved after 8 hours in Doramectin and Fipronil 50 mg/ml and 24 hours in phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix. The in-vivo trials revealed highly significant ( p < 0.01) improvements of red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, platelets, total and differential leukocytic counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates in the second hour, total protein, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, urea, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and CORT levels in the 2-week (P 1 ) and 4-week posttreatment (P 2 ) samples in Dormectin, Fipronil 50 mg/ml, and phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix-treated dogs with more pronounced recovery in phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix spray-treated dogs. Conclusion: The insecticides were able to provide a high level of protection against experimental infestation with concern to the different modes of application. Phenylpyrazole–garlic–camphor mix spray (eco-friendly) achieved higher insecticidal act...

Insecticidal Efficacy and Safety of Phoxim and Influence on Hematological, Biochemical, and Antioxidant Profiles in German Shepherd Dogs

“…The current results revealed that glutathione total, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and cortisol stress marker showed highly significant declines in the treated non-infested dogs compared to other animal groups. The results were consistent with those reported by Aboelela et al . (2022b) who recorded significant improvements in the biochemical profile and cortisol hormone of the two-week and four-week post-treatment samples.…”

“…(2015) who recorded significant declines in erythrocytes, hematohiston, and hematocrit of male rats treated with phoxim at a rate of 2,007.13 mg/kg body weight. Meanwhile, Aboelela et al . (2022b) in agreement with our study recorded significant improvements in hematological profile and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.…”

“…Herbal and eco-friendly insecticides that are based on a plant extract like peppermint, citrolina, garlic, onions, pomegranate, camphor, and clove might vanquish all the negative impacts contributed by the usage of some synthesized insecticides after Abd-Ella (2014 , 2016 ); Gil et al (2015) ; Nettles et al (2016) ; and Aboelela et al . (2022b) .…”

“…The female ticks were identified by the morphological characteristics key after Walker et al (2003) including scutum formation, capitulum, and leg coloration using light microscopy (Barska ® AY13180 Binocular Stereo Microscope, 10x), and incubated at microclimatic temperature and humidity of up to 25°C and 75%, respectively. Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were used as prescribed by Aboelela et al . (2022b) to produce artificial infestation using 6 females per dog in two experimental groups (G1; infested and treated with Phoxim ® and G3; infested and did not receive any treatment i.e.…”

Retrospective Seasonal Parasitological Survey on Prevalence and Epidemiological Determinants of Ectoparasitic Infestations in Dogs and Cats of Damietta, Egypt

“…Later, the samples were post-fixed in equal volumes of osmic acid 2% and cacodylate 0.3 % for one hour. The samples were washed with distilled water, dehydrated in ascending grades of ethyl alcohol for 5 min each (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%), and mounted in absolute alcohol 100% for 10 min for 3 times (Aboelela et al, 2022). Specimens were glued by their dorsal and ventral surfaces to the SEM stub and were dried by the dryer (Blazer union, F1-9496 Blazer/Furstentun Leishtenstein) using liquid carbon dioxide.…”