The in vitro evaluation of the toxicities of three related herbicide formulations containing ester derivatives of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D using sub-mitochondrial particles

Oakes, Diana J.; Pollak, John K.

doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00244-4

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The concentration of active ingredient required to reduce mitochondrial activity by 50% was 136 times higher for a formulation containing only 2,4-D (2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid) and picloram than the concentration of those ingredients required when the inert ingredients were also included. These authors found similar results with a formulation containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) (Oakes and Pollack 2000). Peixoto (2005) found that a glyphosate formulation caused a significant reduction in the activity of rat liver mitochondrial respiratory complexes in vitro but that glyphosate alone had no effect.…”

Section: Inert Ingredients Can Increase Toxicity Of Pesticide Formulasupporting

confidence: 60%

Unidentified Inert Ingredients in Pesticides: Implications for Human and Environmental Health

Cox¹,

Surgan

2006

Environ Health Perspect

282

195

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BackgroundBy statute or regulation in the United States and elsewhere, pesticide ingredients are divided into two categories: active and inert (sometimes referred to as other ingredients, adjuvants, or coformulants). Despite their name, inert ingredients may be biologically or chemically active and are labeled inert only because of their function in the formulated product. Most of the tests required to register a pesticide are performed with the active ingredient alone, not the full pesticide formulation. Inert ingredients are generally not identified on product labels and are often claimed to be confidential business information.ObjectivesIn this commentary, we describe the shortcomings of the current procedures for assessing the hazards of pesticide formulations and demonstrate that inert ingredients can increase the toxicity of and potential exposure to pesticide formulations.DiscussionInert ingredients can increase the ability of pesticide formulations to affect significant toxicologic end points, including developmental neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and disruption of hormone function. They can also increase exposure by increasing dermal absorption, decreasing the efficacy of protective clothing, and increasing environmental mobility and persistence. Inert ingredients can increase the phytotoxicity of pesticide formulations as well as the toxicity to fish, amphibians, and microorganisms.ConclusionsPesticide registration should require full assessment of formulations. Evaluations of pesticides under the National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, and similar statutes should include impact assessment of formulations. Environmental monitoring for pesticides should include inert ingredients. To enable independent research and risk assessment, inert ingredients should be identified on product labels.

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Section: Inert Ingredients Can Increase Toxicity Of Pesticide Formulasupporting

confidence: 60%

Unidentified Inert Ingredients in Pesticides: Implications for Human and Environmental Health

Cox¹,

Surgan

2006

Environ Health Perspect

282

195

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“…(Filkowski et al 2003;Cenkci et al 2010). Oakes and Pollack (2000) reported that 2,4-D may be connected with aminoacids (especially among plants) alanine, glutaminic and asparaginic acid, and also phenylalanine, tryptophane and isoleucyne (Oakes and Pollack 2000). Our study observed that 2,4-D caused DNA damages and decrease to GTS% rates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Alleviative Role of Β-Estradiol Against 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Genotoxicity on Common Bean Genome

Taspinar¹,

Sığmaz²,

Aydın³

et al. 2018

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi

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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the several herbicides that widely used to prevent development of Taraxacum officinale and broadleaf weeds on cereal crops culture. However, it is known that 2,4-D can cause genetic damage to plants at low concentrations as well as produce observable physiological effects. There is no report investigating the effect of mammalian hormones in crops against the applied 2,4-D. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) exposed to 2,4-D and determine whether β-estradiol has any effect. RAPDs (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and CRED-RAs (Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification) techniques were used to define the DNA damage levels and changes in the pattern of DNA methylation. The obtained data demonstrated that 2,4-D led to an increase in RAPDs profile changes (DNA damage), and a reduction in genomic template stability (GTS). The effects caused by 2,4-D were decreased after application with different concentrations of β-estradiol. The results of this study clearly show that β-estradiol could be used function effectively to prevented from the genetic and epigenetic changes caused by 2,4-D herbicide in common bean.

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“…However, several authors (e.g. Krogh et al 2003;Oakes and Pollak 2000;Solomon and Thompson 2003) have already questioned the use of ecotoxicological data obtained using solely active ingredients of pesticides. These authors have shown that the so-called inert ingredients can contribute to the overall toxicity of the formulation, either by exerting toxic activity on their own, or by interacting with the active ingredient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…commercial formulations). Surfactants and other so-called inert ingredients, which are added to the active ingredient to enhance its chemical and physical efficacy (Cox and Surgan 2006) as a pesticide, may also contribute significantly for its overall toxicity (Cedergreen and Streibig 2005;Krogh et al 2003;Oakes and Pollak 2000;Pereira et al 2000;Solomon and Thompson 2003). Hence, toxicity testing of both a.i.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient

et al. 2009

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The Ecological Risk Assessment of pesticides requires data regarding their toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial non-target species. Such requirements concern active ingredient(s), generally not considering the noxious potential of commercial formulations. This work intends to contribute with novel information on the effects of short-term exposures to two herbicides, with different modes of action (Spasor, Stam Novel Flo 480), and an insecticide (Lannate), as well as to corresponding active ingredients (Glyphosate, Propanil and Methomyl, respectively). The microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition), the cladoceran Daphnia magna (immobilisation), and the earthworm Eisenia andrei (avoidance behaviour) were used as test species. Both herbicides were innocuous to all test organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations, except for Stam and Propanil (highly toxic for Pseudokirchneriella; moderately toxic to Daphnia). Lannate and Methomyl were highly toxic to Daphnia and caused Eisenia to significantly avoid the spiked soil at realistic application rates. The toxicity of formulations either overestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for P. subcapitata) or underestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for D. magna) that of the active ingredient.

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The in vitro evaluation of the toxicities of three related herbicide formulations containing ester derivatives of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D using sub-mitochondrial particles

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Unidentified Inert Ingredients in Pesticides: Implications for Human and Environmental Health

Unidentified Inert Ingredients in Pesticides: Implications for Human and Environmental Health

Alleviative Role of Β-Estradiol Against 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Genotoxicity on Common Bean Genome

Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient

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