The in–out effect: examining the role of perceptual fluency in the preference for words with inward-wandering consonantal articulation

Godinho, Sandra; Garrido, Margarida

doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01238-7

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Our findings imply that the original research has actually studied a valid theoretical concept of articulation trajectory preferences, and not just an epiphenomenon of consonant preferences. Thus, we find support for a theoretical idea that has been the basis for a considerable amount of research (for example, Garrido et al, 2019; Gerten & Topolinski, 2020; Godinho et al, 2019; Godinho & Garrido, 2016, 2020, 2021; Ingendahl et al, 2021; Körner et al, 2019; Lindau & Topolinski, 2018b; Maschmann et al, 2020; Rossi et al, 2017; Silva & Topolinski, 2018; Topolinski et al, 2014, 2015; Topolinski & Bakhtiari, 2016; Topolinski & Boecker, 2016a, 2016b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

The articulatory in-out effect: Driven by consonant preferences?

Ingendahl

Vogel

2022

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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The articulatory in-out effect describes the preference for stimuli with an inward-wandering consonant order (e.g., BODIKA) as opposed to an outward-wandering consonant order (e.g., KODIBA). Originally, the in-out effect has been explained in terms of articulation trajectories, with inward trajectories being preferred over outward trajectories. However, recent research by Maschmann et al. ( 2020) raised doubts on this explanation of articulation trajectory preferences and offered a parsimonious alternative explanation for the in-out effect based on consonant preferences instead. As we show in the present article, stimulus materials in Maschmann et al. ( 2020) diverged from materials used in previous research and might have prevented the experience of articulation trajectories. Here, we present a conceptual replication of Maschmann et al. ( 2020), using stimulus materials more likely to elicit articulation trajectory preferences. In a preregistered, high-powered experiment (N = 349), we find strong support for the original idea of trajectory preferences but no evidence for the consonant preference account. Our research shows that preferences for articulation trajectories are robust and cannot be explained by mere consonant preferences. We discuss further implications of these findings for future research on the processes involved in the empirical in-out effect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

The articulatory in-out effect: Driven by consonant preferences?

Ingendahl

Vogel

2022

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…Very recently, Körner, Bakhtiari and Topolinski (2019), suggested the role of motor fluency in shaping the in–out effect and demonstrated that training outward articulation sequences could block or even invert the established preference for inward wandering ones (see Godinho & Garrido, 2019 and also Maschmann, Körner, Boecker, & Topolinski, 2020 for an overview of the state of the art). Independently of the debate surrounding the origin of the effect, these findings demonstrate that the in–out effect is permeable to fluency manipulations.…”

Section: Relevant (Marketing‐wise) Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such affect has been proven to be independent on whether those words refer to nonsense words (e.g., Godinho & Garrido, 2019), names or usernames of ordinary persons (e.g., Garrido, Godinho, & Semin, 2019), fictitious characters (e.g., Topolinski et al, 2014), or foods (e.g., Godinho, Garrido, Zürn, & Topolinski, 2018). Particularly relevant for the marketing services domain, Silva and Topolinski (2018) tested names for online sellers in the context of an Ebay online auction to discover that sellers with inward names where rated as more trustworthy and preferred for economic transactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “ins” and “outs” of product and services marketing: The influence of consonant wanderings in consumer decision‐making

Godinho

Garrido

2020

Psychology and Marketing

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The established preference for words featuring consonants ordered inward in the oral cavity—the in–out effect, may assist marketeers when naming new products and services. To investigate the conditions under which this effect may affect consumer preference we conducted four experiments (N = 818) examining the influence of consonant wanderings in the evaluation of different professionals and food products. While inward articulation direction selectively biased warmth judgments about workers who are perceived as relatively neutral on both warmth and competence, for professionals traditionally associated with either a warmth or a competence dimension inward‐wandering usernames systematically presented a competitive advantage. In the same way, hypothetical food products with inward‐wandering names were judged as more hedonic and more utilitarian. The present evidence supports the potential of the in–out effect to market products and services and highlights the relevance of exploiting this and other oral kinematics phenomena as an asset for managerial practice.

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“…The processing fluency and language frequency account (Bakhtiari et al, 2016;Godinho & Garrido, 2021;Ingendahl et al, 2021Ingendahl et al, ,2022bIngendahl et al, ,2022cIngendahl et al, ,2022dKörner et al, 2019) states that inward relative to outward words are easier to articulate (cf., Silva et al, 2017;Song & Schwarz, 2009;Topolinski & Strack, 2010), because their consonantal sequence structure imitates real words in natural language more closely. Indeed, in corpus analyses it was found that inward consonant sequences are slightly more frequent than outward sequences in real language (Bakhtiari et al, 2016).…”

Section: The Internal Standard Of Consonant Order In Different Theori...mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the emergence of the in–out effect across trials: two items do the trick

Topolinski

Boecker

Löffler

et al. 2022

Psychological Research

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Individuals prefer letter strings whose consonantal articulation spots move from the front of the mouth to the back (e.g., BAKA, inward) over those with a reversed consonant order (e.g., KABA, outward), the so-called in–out effect. The present research explores whether individuals hold an internal standard or scheme of consonant order that triggers this effect. If this were the case, the in–out effect should already occur in one-trial between-subjects designs. If not, the in–out effect should emerge over the course of trials in within-subjects designs. In Experiments 1a–e (1b–e preregistered; total N = 2973; German, English, and Portuguese samples) employing a one-trial between-subjects design, no in–out effect was found. In Experiment 2 (N = 253), employing within-subjects designs with either 1, 5, 10, 30, or 50 trials per consonant order category (inward vs. outward), the in–out effect was absent in the first trial, but already surfaced for the first 2 trials, reached significance within the first 10 trials and a solid plateau within the first 20 trials. Of the four theoretical explanations, the present evidence favors the fluency/frequency and letter-position accounts and is at odds with the eating-related embodiment and easy-first accounts.

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The in–out effect: examining the role of perceptual fluency in the preference for words with inward-wandering consonantal articulation

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

The articulatory in-out effect: Driven by consonant preferences?

The articulatory in-out effect: Driven by consonant preferences?

The “ins” and “outs” of product and services marketing: The influence of consonant wanderings in consumer decision‐making

On the emergence of the in–out effect across trials: two items do the trick

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