The Importance of Cosmetic Stay‐Green in Specialty Crops

Myers, James R.; Aljadi, Mustafa; Brewer, Linda J.

doi:10.1002/9781119521358.ch6

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Despite the recurrent selection at an orthologous StGR gene in multiple crop legumes for green cotyledon color, it is possible that additional genes exist that replicate this phenotype, or might modulate it. For example, in the more exhaustively studied Rice and Arabidopsis systems (e.g., [29,51,52,53]), genes other than the stay-green protein have also been implicated in the cotyledon color or persistence of chlorophyll machinery which would affect stay-green phenotypes. Furthermore, some aspects of the green cotyledon trait, and its manifestation at the level of whole seeds is also likely to depend on pigmentation in the overlying seed coat tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Green cotyledon market classes or types occur in several crop legumes, including garden pea [52], Medicago [33], chickpea [30,55], common bean [52], lima bean [52], and cowpea [54]. This recurrence suggests that the green cotyledon color trait arose from the repeated and independent selection from the white or yellow cotyledon forms that typify these crops and their wild relatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several stay-green plant phenotypes have been described in different crops [52]. The common denominator of “stay-green” phenotype can be described as a plant’s capacity to remain green (i.e., maintain chlorophylls) in particular circumstances (reviewed [29,71,72]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Dissection of the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Stay-Green Phenotype Associated with Molecular Variation at an Ortholog of Mendel’s I Gene for Cotyledon Color: Implications for Crop Production and Carotenoid Biofortification

Kaliamoorthy

Marques

Kalungwana

et al. 2019

IJMS

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“Stay-green” crop phenotypes have been shown to impact drought tolerance and nutritional content of several crops. We aimed to genetically describe and functionally dissect the particular stay-green phenomenon found in chickpeas with a green cotyledon color of mature dry seed and investigate its potential use for improvement of chickpea environmental adaptations and nutritional value. We examined 40 stay-green accessions and a set of 29 BC2F4-5 stay-green introgression lines using a stay-green donor parent ICC 16340 and two Indian elite cultivars (KAK2, JGK1) as recurrent parents. Genetic studies of segregating populations indicated that the green cotyledon trait is controlled by a single recessive gene that is invariantly associated with the delayed degreening (extended chlorophyll retention). We found that the chickpea ortholog of Mendel’s I locus of garden pea, encoding a SGR protein as very likely to underlie the persistently green cotyledon color phenotype of chickpea. Further sequence characterization of this chickpea ortholog CaStGR1 (CaStGR1, for carietinum stay-green gene 1) revealed the presence of five different molecular variants (alleles), each of which is likely a loss-of-function of the chickpea protein (CaStGR1) involved in chlorophyll catabolism. We tested the wild type and green cotyledon lines for components of adaptations to dry environments and traits linked to agronomic performance in different experimental systems and different levels of water availability. We found that the plant processes linked to disrupted CaStGR1 gene did not functionality affect transpiration efficiency or water usage. Photosynthetic pigments in grains, including provitaminogenic carotenoids important for human nutrition, were 2–3-fold higher in the stay-green type. Agronomic performance did not appear to be correlated with the presence/absence of the stay-green allele. We conclude that allelic variation in chickpea CaStGR1 does not compromise traits linked to environmental adaptation and agronomic performance, and is a promising genetic technology for biofortification of provitaminogenic carotenoids in chickpea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Dissection of the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Stay-Green Phenotype Associated with Molecular Variation at an Ortholog of Mendel’s I Gene for Cotyledon Color: Implications for Crop Production and Carotenoid Biofortification

Kaliamoorthy

Marques

Kalungwana

et al. 2019

IJMS

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“…The cosmetic SG is due to a loss of function mutation in the genes for example, HCAR, PPH and so forth, that breaks the ring. On the contrary, a functional phenotype is the one in which plant continues to photosynthesize and entire senescence process is delayed or slowed down [17]. Therefore, plant breeders mostly rely on functional SG for enhancing yields or for imparting stress tolerance in plants.…”

Section: Biological Processes Of Sg and Relationship With Chlorophyllmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Senescence (Stay-Green)—An Important Trait to Exploit Crop Residuals for Bioenergy

Munaiz

Martínez²,

Kumar

et al. 2020

Energies

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In this review, we present a comprehensive revisit of past research and advances developed on the stay-green (SG) paradigm. The study aims to provide an application-focused review of the SG phenotypes as crop residuals for bioenergy. Little is known about the SG trait as a germplasm enhancer resource for energy storage as a system for alternative energy. Initially described as a single locus recessive trait, SG was shortly after reported as a quantitative trait governed by complex physiological and metabolic networks including chlorophyll efficiency, nitrogen contents, nutrient remobilization and source-sink balance. Together with the fact that phenotyping efforts have improved rapidly in the last decade, new approaches based on sensing technologies have had an impact in SG identification. Since SG is linked to delayed senescence, we present a review of the term senescence applied to crop residuals and bioenergy. Firstly, we discuss the idiosyncrasy of senescence. Secondly, we present biological processes that determine the fate of senescence. Thirdly, we present the genetics underlying SG for crop-trait improvement in different crops. Further, this review explores the potential uses of senescence for bioenergy crops. Finally, we discuss how high-throughput phenotyping methods assist new technologies such as genomic selection in a cost-efficient manner.

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“…While all these mutants preserve leaf greenness for extended periods, it is convenient to distinguish functional mutants, in which the delay in senescence is coupled to preservation of metabolic capacity, from those that retain green color but show normal aging behavior [15]. The latter are just defective in Chl breakdown and were categorized as non-functional stay-green mutants, also termed cosmetic [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf Senescence: The Chloroplast Connection Comes of Age

Mayta

Hajirezaei

Carrillo

et al. 2019

Plants

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Leaf senescence is a developmental process critical for plant fitness, which involves genetically controlled cell death and ordered disassembly of macromolecules for reallocating nutrients to juvenile and reproductive organs. While natural leaf senescence is primarily associated with aging, it can also be induced by environmental and nutritional inputs including biotic and abiotic stresses, darkness, phytohormones and oxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a common thread in stress-dependent cell death and also increase during leaf senescence. Involvement of chloroplast redox chemistry (including ROS propagation) in modulating cell death is well supported, with photosynthesis playing a crucial role in providing redox-based signals to this process. While chloroplast contribution to senescence received less attention, recent findings indicate that changes in the redox poise of these organelles strongly affect senescence timing and progress. In this review, the involvement of chloroplasts in leaf senescence execution is critically assessed in relation to available evidence and the role played by environmental and developmental cues such as stress and phytohormones. The collected results indicate that chloroplasts could cooperate with other redox sources (e.g., mitochondria) and signaling molecules to initiate the committed steps of leaf senescence for a best use of the recycled nutrients in plant reproduction.

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The Importance of Cosmetic Stay‐Green in Specialty Crops

Cited by 12 publications

References 94 publications

Functional Dissection of the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Stay-Green Phenotype Associated with Molecular Variation at an Ortholog of Mendel’s I Gene for Cotyledon Color: Implications for Crop Production and Carotenoid Biofortification

Functional Dissection of the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Stay-Green Phenotype Associated with Molecular Variation at an Ortholog of Mendel’s I Gene for Cotyledon Color: Implications for Crop Production and Carotenoid Biofortification

The Senescence (Stay-Green)—An Important Trait to Exploit Crop Residuals for Bioenergy

Leaf Senescence: The Chloroplast Connection Comes of Age

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