The implicit sequence learning deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease: A matter of impaired sequence integration?

Separate influences in learning: Evidence from artificial grammar learning with traumatic brain injury patients

“…It is possible that TBI patients employ compensatory strategies, which would confuse a straightforward comparison between patients and controls (cf. Smith & McDowall, 2005). Rejecting such a null hypothesis is difficult, without a greatly expanded research program.…”

“…Accordingly, TBI often has little effect on measured intellectual ability or long term memory (Burgess, 2000), yet results in impaired executive functions, characterized by poor decision making and difficulty in planning and organizing daily activities (Wood 2001;Baddeley, 2002). Note that other AGL researchers have employed patient populations, but never before has a TBI sample been used in the context of AGL or the implicit-explicit distinction (Knowlton & Squire, 1994Smith & McDowall, 2005. Also, note that results from Minda et al (2008) support the conclusion that a deficit in the prefrontal cortex impairs the function of the hypothesis-testing system.…”

Neural Substrates of Graphomotor Sequence Learning: A Combined fMRI and Kinematic Study

“…For example, persons with loss of nigrostriatal dopamine production due to Parkinson's disease have demonstrated impaired sequence learning (Mentis et al 2003a,b;Nakamura et al 2001;Smith and McDowall 2006). Degraded sequence learning may also constitute a part of the pathophysiology of Huntington's chorea , stuttering (Webster 1989), and stroke/traumatic brain injury (Pohl et al 2001).…”

Neural correlates of strategic memory retrieval: Differentiating between spatial‐associative and temporal‐associative strategies

“…When strategic memory retrieval is predominantly driven by a strategy using spatialassociative representations, brain regions known to be involved in higher order visual processing and mental imagery like the cuneus and precuneus seem to be involved (Fletcher et al, 1995(Fletcher et al, , 1996Kosslyn et al, 1995;Wheeler et al, 2000). In contrast, the thalamus as well as the basal ganglia, in particular their output structure, the globus pallidus, are involved in forms of memory in which temporal information is crucial, for example in implicit learning of motor as well as nonmotor sequences (Forkstam and Petersson, 2005;Forkstam et al, 2006;Lehericy et al, 2005;Packard and Knowlton, 2002;Smith and McDowall, 2006;Vakil et al, 2000). In line with this, patients with basal ganglia degeneration like Parkinson's disease show deficits in implicit sequence learning (Smith and McDowall, 2006) and strategic spatial location memory (Pillon et al, 1998).…”

“…In contrast, the thalamus as well as the basal ganglia, in particular their output structure, the globus pallidus, are involved in forms of memory in which temporal information is crucial, for example in implicit learning of motor as well as nonmotor sequences (Forkstam and Petersson, 2005;Forkstam et al, 2006;Lehericy et al, 2005;Packard and Knowlton, 2002;Smith and McDowall, 2006;Vakil et al, 2000). In line with this, patients with basal ganglia degeneration like Parkinson's disease show deficits in implicit sequence learning (Smith and McDowall, 2006) and strategic spatial location memory (Pillon et al, 1998). Furthermore, the basal ganglia are known to be involved in behavioral sequencing and strategy selection (Cools, 1980) and the basal ganglia as well as the cerebellum are thought to be involved in internal time keeping function (Harrington and Haaland, 1999;Ivry and Spencer, 2004;Lalonde and Hannequin, 1999;Meck, 2005).…”