The Impacts of Urban Air Pollution Emission Density on Air Pollutant Concentration Based on a Panel Model

Abstract

In terms of urban planning, the impact of urbanization and high density on the environment is a major issue. This study intended to analyze the effect of spatial density characteristics of urban air pollution sources on urban air pollution concentration using a panel model. As the total population density, the number of cars registered per capita, and the total emission facility density increased, together with a closer distance to a thermal power plant, the nitrogen dioxide(NO2) concentration increased. Net population density was also found to have the greatest impact on the structure and density of emission sources of ozone(O3) followed by the number of cars registered per person and the total emission facility density. It was confirmed that particular matter(PM10) concentrations are strongly influenced in positive directions by the spatial density characteristics of emission sources that show significant differences between regions.

Regional deposited dose in the human respiratory tract using different particulate metrics

“…Regarding the other two regions (ET and TB), the deposition was considerably lower (5%-6%). These findings are in agreement with those of Vu et al who found that the majority of particles (number) were deposited in the AI region, with the deposition fraction in the AI region being equal to 0.35 when walking in an outdoor traffic area in Italy [8] . The corresponding values for TB and AI were 0.09 and 0.07, respectively.…”

“…These peaks were influenced by domestic heating emissions; therefore, increased dose rates were obtained. The opposite characteristic was observed by Vu et al, where the diurnal variation of the number dose rate in Bologna (Italy) showed two peaks with the afternoon peak (16 × 10 9 particles/h) being lower than the morning peak (22 × 10 9 particles/h) [8] . According to Aalto et al, the maximum particle number concentrations (between 7 nm and a few micrometers) in five European cities (Augsburg, Barcelona, Helsinki, Rome, and Stockholm) were detected in the morning hours during weekdays, while the opposite characteristic was observed on Sunday, indicating that traffic emissions influence the diurnal behavior [32] .…”

“…Overall, higher values were obtained during traffic rush hours at night, which is linked with the closing time (21:00) of the commercial stores. It is well known in the scientific literature [8,30,31] that vehicular emissions increase the number concentration of ultrafine particles as well as the corresponding deposited dose. Regarding the cold period, the dose rate in the morning increased after 7:00 with a peak at 9:00-10:00 (2.0 × 10 9 particles/h), while the second peak was observed at 18:00-19:00 (3.6 × 10 9 particles/h).…”

“…Human exposure to particle number (PN) and particle mass (PM) concentrations has been studied extensively in the scientific literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Investigation of population exposure, especially in urban areas, is important because of the associated health hazard that comes to the residents.…”

“…Recently, Manigrasso et al found that the highest deposited dose was observed in the extrathoracic (ET) region for PM 10 while for PN 10 the highest deposited dose was found in the alveolar-interstitial region [5] . Additionally, Vu et al calculated the dose of traffic-generated particles (13-560 nm) and found that the dose rate of outdoor particles at a traffic site (Bologna, Italy) was 10 10 particles/h with the majority of particles deposited in the AI region [8] . Regarding PM, Chalvatzaki et al found that the deposited mass dose was higher in the ET region, and 75% of the deposited mass dose in the ET region was associated with coarse particles [22] .…”