The impacts of shrimp farming on land-use and carbon storage around Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka

Bournazel, Jil; Kumara, M.P.; Jayatissa, Loku Pulukuttige; Viergever, Karin; Morel, Véronique; Huxham, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.009

Cited by 54 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In an aquaculture context, this tragedy takes shape through the loss of fishers' customary access to control by powerful external actors whose exclusion becomes tricky (an excludability concern), and their hostile actions around reshuffling rules of resource (mis)use, (re)distribution, (re)allocation and (over)exploitation reduce resource availability for the customary fishers (a subtractability concern). In our case study contexts, a similar tragedy became evident due to the overuse of environmental resources as inputs and the discharge of wastewater into the environment by industrial aquaculture groups in Northwestern Sri Lanka (Bournazel et al, 2015, Harkes et al, 2015 and the encroachment of customary capture fishery commons by groups of higher caste non-fishers and regulation of the use of the lagoon space in Chilika Lagoon, India (Nayak and Berkes, 2011). Solving this "tragedy" should start by fixing the excludability and subtractability problems in novel ways (Feeny et al, 1990, Ostrom, 1990, Ostrom et al, 1999, Nayak and Berkes, 2011, Galappaththi and Berkes, 2015a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Two faces of shrimp aquaculture: commonising vs. decommonising effects of a wicked driver

Galappaththi

Nayak

2017

Maritime Studies

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Much coastal fisheries literature supports the idea that shrimp aquaculture has the potential to cause considerable social and environmental destruction. The aim of the paper is to highlight the two faces of shrimp aquaculture as a wicked driver, emphasizing its potential role in activating systematic conversion of lagoon -based fisheries commons to non-commons and vice versa. We use the cases of aquacultureled privatisation in Chilika Lagoon, located in the Bay of Bengal area of India, and collective action surrounding shrimp aquaculture in Northwestern Sri Lanka. For both studies, data are collected through mixed research methods, including semi-directive interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations. Our analysis shows clear evidence that shrimp aquaculture can potentially contribute to either making commons or losing commons depending on the context and influences of multi-level drivers. Aquaculture-led factors contributing to the process of losing commons in Chilika are: large-scale, individually owned aquaculture operations; encroachment of customary fishery commons; loss of commons rights (access and entitlements); breakdown of commons institutions; policy changes; caste politics and resource conflicts; ecological disturbances; change in fishing practices. In Sri Lanka, aquaculture related factors contributing to making commons are: coordinating discharge; built-in incentive for stewardship; multi-level commons institutions; collective decision-making; bottom-up management approach; mixed commons regime; and small-scale operations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Two faces of shrimp aquaculture: commonising vs. decommonising effects of a wicked driver

Galappaththi

Nayak

2017

Maritime Studies

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“…Over 90% of shrimp are exported, mostly to Japan but followed by the USA and countries of the European Union (Munasinghe et al, 2010). Before the end of the civil war, the majority of shrimp was harvested from farms, leading to the illegal use of state lands and mangrove destruction (Bournazel et al, 2015). However, poor construction lead to a variety of environmental and socioeconomic effects that hindered the growth and sustainability of shrimp farming within the lagoon area (Cattermoul and Devendra, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation Concerns of Small-Scale Fisheries: By-Catch Impacts of a Shrimp and Finfish Fishery in a Sri Lankan Lagoon

et al. 2018

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By-catch is considered a significant problem in large-scale fisheries yet in small-scale fisheries (SSF), employing >99% of the world's fishers, there is limited quantitative understanding of by-catch, and catches in general. We provide an assessment of by-catch from fishing gears (fyke, trawl, set trammel, and drift trammel nets) commonly used in small-scale fisheries across the globe, using a representative Sri Lankan case study and placing this in the context of local resource use patterns. We reveal evidence of how SSF generate significant finfish by-catch with potentially significant ecological impacts. Fishers targeting shrimp (fyke, trawl, and drift trammel nets) caught more non-target species than global averages (44, 44, and 67% by weight, respectively). Fishers targeting finfish (set trammel nets) caught fewer non-target species. We found that by-catch depends more on target species and gear type, supporting suggestions that SSF are not "inherently more sustainable" than their large-scale counterparts and a collective effort is required for an improved understanding of the impacts of SSF. This study highlights an additional issue of valuable food fish discards, raising questions about fisheries exploitation in the context of food security in areas where poverty and food insecurity are prevalent.

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“…Ecuador, Indonesia, and many other countries are also witnessing a transformation from tidal wetlands to other more apparently profitable land uses in the eyes of the local people, such as aquaculture, harbors, paddy fields, and even parks. Along the coast of Puttlama Lagoon, Srilanka, the area of shrimp farm increased by 2777% from 1994 to 2012, while the area of salt farms increased by 60%, with the area of mangrove deceased by 34% during the same period (Jil et al 2015). This is just an example of rapid transformation from coastal wetlands to other land use types.…”

Section: Coastal Wetland Loss and Degradation: A Global Problemmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coastal wetland loss, consequences, and challenges for restoration

Bellerby

Craft

et al. 2018

Anthropocene Coasts

125

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Coastal wetlands mainly include ecosystems of mangroves, coral reefs, salt marsh, and sea grass beds. As the buffer zone between land and sea, they are frequently threatened from both sides. The world coastal wetland lost more than 50% of its area in the 20th century, largely before their great value, such as wave attenuation, erosion control, biodiversity support, and carbon sequestration, was fully recognized. World wetland loss and degradation was accelerated in the last three decades, caused by both anthropogenic and natural factors, such as land reclamation, aquaculture, urbanization, harbor and navigation channel construction, decreased sediment input from the catchments, sea level rise, and erosion. Aquaculture is one of the key destinations of coastal wetland transformation. Profound consequences have been caused by coastal wetland loss, such as habitat loss for wild species, CO 2 and N 2 O emission from land reclamation and aquaculture, and flooding. Great efforts have been made to restore coastal wetlands, but challenges remain due to lack of knowledge about interactions between vegetation and morphological dynamics. Compromise among the different functionalities remains a challenge during restoration of coastal wetlands, especially when faced with highly profitable coastal land use. To solve the problem, multi-disciplinary efforts are needed from physio-chemical-biological monitoring to modelling, designing, and restoring practices with site-specific knowledge.

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The impacts of shrimp farming on land-use and carbon storage around Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka

Cited by 54 publications

References 26 publications

Two faces of shrimp aquaculture: commonising vs. decommonising effects of a wicked driver

Two faces of shrimp aquaculture: commonising vs. decommonising effects of a wicked driver

Conservation Concerns of Small-Scale Fisheries: By-Catch Impacts of a Shrimp and Finfish Fishery in a Sri Lankan Lagoon

Coastal wetland loss, consequences, and challenges for restoration

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