The Impacts of Fluctuations in Public Revenue and Expenditures on Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Impulse Response Approach

Abstract

Allocation of public revenue among productive and non-productive expenditure and its impact on GDP are not extensively studies in Pakistan. In this study, we examine the relationship between government revenue, productive and nonproductive expenditure and economic growth and sustainability over the period of 1978-2018 with the help of Johansen co-integration, error correction test and Impulse Response Function. The result of the study affirms a significant long run and the short run relationship between the fiscal instruments and the economic growth in Pakistan. Finally, impulse response illustrates that when direct tax is higher than GDP, productive and unproductive expenditures are also increased. It has also been observed some unproductive expenditures smooth the way for the economic growth. For the future better implication of fiscal policy and to achieve economic growth and development Government should take steps to increase its revenue through taxes. Tax collections can be increased by proper utilization of tax revenue and by educating people that tax is the responsibility not the penalty

Potentially Toxic Elements: A Review on Their Soil Behavior and Plant Attenuation Mechanisms against Their Toxicity

“…Metallothioneins can be categorized as low molecular weight proteins of highly variable structure, rich in cysteine and with high affinity in forming complexes with PTEs, while they are mainly found in the cytoplasm. Experimental data indicated that metallothionein effectively reduced the toxic symptoms from Cu, Zn, Cd and As by complexing the metals and mediating their transport to the vacuoles [80]. Contrary to the enzyme mediated synthesis of phytochelatin, metallothionein synthesis occurs after translation of the mRNA coding metallothionein structure [55].…”

Characterization of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Avena sativa L. and the Gene Expression during Seed Germination and Heavy Metal Stress

“…Type-1 pMTs have 12 Cys residues, type-2 pMTs have 14 Cys residues, type-3 pMTs have 10 Cys residues, and type-4 pMTs have 17 Cys residues. The Cys residues in type-1-3 pMTs are grouped into two domains, whereas the Cys of type-4 pMTs are grouped into three domains [11][12][13]. In addition, some plant MTs have histidine (His, H) residues, which is not a common feature of MTs.…”