Green finance is inextricably linked to investment risk, particularly in emerging and developing economies (EMDE). This study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to evaluate the mean causal effects of a treatment on an outcome of the determinants of scaling up green financing and climate change mitigation in the N-11 countries from 2005 to 2019. After analyzing with a dummy for the treated countries, it was confirmed that the outcome covariates: rescon (renewable energy sources consumption), population, FDI, CO 2 , inflation, technical corporation grants, domestic credit to the private sector, and research and development are very significant in promoting green financing and climate change mitigation in the study countries. The probit regression results give a different outcome, as rescon, FID, CO 2 , Human Development Index (HDI), and investment in the energy sector by the private sector that will likely have an impact on the green financing and climate change mitigation of the study countries. Furthermore, after matching the analysis through the nearest neighbor matching, kernel matching, and radius matching, it produced mixed results for both the treated and the untreated countries. Either group experienced an improvement in green financing and climate change mitigation or a decrease. Overall, the DID showed no significant difference among the countries.

This study aims to identify the influence of knowledge management practices on the entrepreneurial and organizational performance with the mediating effect of dynamic capabilities and moderating role of opportunity recognition. Data were gathered from 486 entrepreneurs and applied a structural equation model to test the hypotheses. We found that knowledge management practices have a positive and significant influence on dynamic capabilities, as well as have a significant impact on entrepreneurial and organizational performance. Moreover, results indicated that dynamic capabilities partially mediate in the relationship between knowledge management practices on entrepreneurial and organizational performance. Furthermore, the relationship between knowledge management practices with entrepreneurial and organizational performance strengthening by opportunity recognition. Further, implications and limitations were discussed in the paper.

PurposeDrawing upon the intellectual capital-based view theory, this study explored the relationship between green intellectual capital (IC) and environmental performance (EP) with the intervening effect of green human resource management (GHRM).Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional data were collected from 187 human resource directors/managers working in manufacturing firms of Pakistan. A partial least squares approach was applied to test the hypothesized relationships.FindingsThe results showed a mediating effect of GHRM on the relationship between green human capital and the organizational EP. Also two dimensions of green IC (green human capital, green relational capital) were also found positively related to the EP of the firm.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should devote their attention to the preservation and enhancement of their employees' knowledge as green human capital is possessed by the employees. Furthermore, managers must exchange information with key stakeholders to better understand and resolve their environmental concerns. Organizational leaders must also ensure the implementation of GHRM policies that, in turn, improve the EP with the aid of green IC.Originality/valueThe current research contributes to the literature by defining green IC as an antecedent and GHRM as an intervening variable for EP. In addition, this study underlines the significance of GHC as a valuable intangible asset for the achievement of environmental sustainability. It also illustrates the importance of GRC, which creates an exchange partnership with the stakeholders to promote corporate environmentalism.

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The notion of opportunities is fast becoming a dominant topic in the field of entrepreneurship research. Based on the causation process, this study aims to identify the manager's decisions to take entrepreneurial action through opportunity discovery and opportunity creation indicators. Research Design & Methods: This empirical study tests its hypotheses by using a sample of 400 senior and middle-level managers from Pakistan and applied a SEM structural equation modeling technique. Findings: Our findings show that opportunity discovery and opportunity creation positively and significantly influence nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. Meanwhile, results reveal that the causation approach partially mediates the relationship between opportunity discovery, opportunity creation, and nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. Implications & Recommendations:The results of this study elucidate senior and middle level managers from a SME sectors of Pakistan. On the basis of our findings, policy makers, managers and entrepreneurship researchers may better understand how to discover and create an opportunity in starting a new business. Contribution & Value Added: This study is the first attempt that contributes to the field of entrepreneurship by taking the causation approach as a mediator and identifying the role of opportunity discovery and opportunity creation on developing nascent entrepreneurial behaviour among senior and middle-level managers in Pakistan. Article type:research article

Microfinance is a well known terminology used for microcredit and financial services for financially deprived community. Through informal, semi-formal and formal ways different institutions has been providing these services. Expenditure of the industry is considered to be high because of its inherent structure, dealing with small loans and having high risk of recovery. Therefore, expected inefficiency is greater than its profit. There are several factors and reason. Through this study, we analyzed few factors which have a positive or negative relation with the inefficiency of Microfinance in Pakistan. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is used for weighing up a relationship between inefficiency and its determinants. It is seen that the average efficiency of this sector is low, on average the highest technical efficiency score is 87 only. Age and number of clients have a negative relationship with inefficiency whereas for other variable's relationship is conditional on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) working status. The number of women borrowers and average loan balance has been incorporated in the study to analyze the focus of MFIs, either on mission drift or achievement. We found that microfinance banks (MFBs) are drifting away, however, Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and Rural Support Programs (RSPs) are fulfilling their social mission efficiently. We did not find a strong evidence of mission drift in the industry because microfinance banks considered their social mission on second priority. Hence, if MFBs are drifting away from their social services, it is not unexpected.

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The role of digitization and globalization have changed consumers’ online buying behaviors, specifically in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This seriously influences the online retail industry in developing countries that are already struggling to move toward digital trading through e-business. Pakistan being a developing country is no exception, and it is, therefore, pertinent to examine factors that contribute to digital trading. Employing theories of reasoned action and the technology acceptance model, this study aims to investigate how personal innovativeness and perceived usefulness impact consumers’ online purchase intentions through a serial mediational model. The data were collected through an online survey from 410 respondents. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model. This study showed significant results for the direct effect of personal innovativeness and perceived usefulness on online purchase intentions as well as the indirect serial effect via internet browsing and attitude toward online purchasing. The study results have some important practical implications for selling firms, especially in the times of COVID-19. The study suggests that online retailers should be more responsive to the aforementioned factors to facilitate consumers to spend more time browsing, which influences consumers’ interest and intention to make online purchases. As the social distancing and lockdown approaches were implemented in Pakistan and other parts of the world, the trend toward online purchases has increased. Due to this shift in the overall purchasing behavior of consumers and the potential for strong growth in e-commerce, organizations need to consider the post-COVID situation to expand their business in an online platform for addressing the future pandemic crisis.