The impact of UV-B and sulphur- or copper-containing solutions in acidic conditions on chlorophyll fluorescence in selected Ramalina species

Influence of long-term exposure to copper on the lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici and the free-living algae Scenedesmus quadricauda

“…Kappen et al (1998) found that healthy lichens have F V /F M values typically in the range 0.6-0.7. Garty et al (2007) observed a decrease of F V /F M ratios in Ramalina lacera thalli following short-term exposure to Cu sulfate. Bačkor et al (2007) found a decrease of F V /F M ratios in axenic cultures of the lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici due to cadmium as well as Cu excess in short-term laboratory experiments.…”

Interactions of lichens with heavy metals

“…Branquinho et al (1997) showed that intracellular Cu > 4.0 μmol g -1 decreased chlorophyll a fluorescence in the lichen Ramalina fastigiata. Garty et al (2007) observed a decrease of F v /F m in R. lacera thalli following short-term exposure to CuSO 4 , and Bačkor et al (2007a) in short term laboratory experiments found a decrease in chlorophyll a fluorescence in axenic cultures of the lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici due to Cd and Cu excess.…”

Lichens and Particulate Matter: Inter-relations and Biomonitoring with Lichens

“…Since these lichen samples were collected in unpolluted areas, the different values obtained for elemental concentration should be attributed to the different composition of the soil, as the vegetative cover in these regions is sparse and the soil is exposed to wind erosion. Windblown dust represents an important source of mineral elements in lichens (Bargagli 1995;Loppi et al 1999b;Garty et al 2002cGarty et al , 2007Garty et al , 2008Bergamaschi et al 2004;Jiries et al 2008). Alterations in the annual number of dust storms are to be expected as a result of climate change, reflected by divergent parameters of which the increased number of dust storms originating in the great deserts of the world, like the Sahara and the Sahel in Africa is a prominent example.…”

“…We suggest to apply additional washes in the same manner if the water used for the third rinsing is still unclear. The above-mentioned procedure used in Israel yielded low coefficients of variation (CV) for Ca (an important constituent of desert dust and soils) calculated for the lichen Ramalina lacera: 0.10-0.26 (Garty et al 1997a(Garty et al , b, 1998a(Garty et al , 2001a(Garty et al , b, 2003(Garty et al , 2007(Garty et al , 2008. Table 3.5 Washing procedures applied in lichen biomonitoring studies (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) Washing procedure Leonardo et al (2011) Cleaning in distilled water to remove dust, bark, and insects Backor et al (2009) Rinsing in deionized water Dowdal et al (2005) Rinsing in distilled water to remove detritus and remaining soil Fenn et al (2007) Sonicating five times in one liter of distilled water, 1 min, then air drying to remove mineral debris trapped externally between overlapping lobes Farinha et al (2009) Washing, 30 s, in deionized water Freitas et al (2007) Two washing cycles in deionized water with agitation Nyarko et al (2006) Washing approx.…”