The Impact of Suppressive Surrounds on Chromatic Properties of Cortical Neurons

Solomon, Samuel G.; Peirce, Jonathan W.; Lennie, Peter

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3036-03.2004

Cited by 99 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…This result is consistent with an S-cone antagonistic center-surround (+S/−S) receptive field (Monnier and Shevell 2004). Such neurons are not found in the retina (Dacey 2000), but have been reported in the visual cortex (Conway 2001;Solomon et al 2004). The transition from assimilation to contrast suggested by Hurvich (1975, 1989) might be related to S-cone spatial antagonism.…”

Section: Relation To Previous Assimilation Studiessupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatial Dependence of Color Assimilation by the Watercolor Effect

et al. 2006

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Color assimilation with bichromatic contours was quantified for spatial extents ranging from von Bezold-type color assimilation to the watercolor effect. The magnitude and direction of assimilative hue change was measured as a function of the width of a rectangular stimulus. Assimilation was quantified by hue cancellation. Large hue shifts were required to null the color of stimuli ≤ 9.3 min of arc in width, with an exponential decrease for stimuli increasing up to 7.4 deg. When stimuli were viewed through an achromatizing lens, the magnitude of the assimilation effect was reduced for narrow stimuli, but not for wide ones. These results demonstrate that chromatic aberration may account, in part, for color assimilation over small, but not large, surface areas.

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Section: Relation To Previous Assimilation Studiessupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatial Dependence of Color Assimilation by the Watercolor Effect

et al. 2006

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“…Nonlinear color tuning has been documented in previous studies of V1 (Cottaris and DeValois 1998;DeValois et al 2000;Hanazawa et al 2000;Lennie et al 1990;Solomon et al 2004;Wachtler et al 2000). Modeling attempts, however, have focused on a restricted class of nonlinear models, that is: linear summation of cone inputs followed by a static nonlinearity (Eq.…”

Section: Relationship To Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…First, unlike the phenomenon we studied, nonlinear surrounds are usually suppressive (Solomon et al 2004;Ts'o and Gilbert 1988). Second, the energy in the nonlinear RF was usually spatially coincident with the center of the linear RF, not the surrounding area (see Fig.…”

Section: Gain Control In V1mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…R, G, B triplets were transformed to S, LM excitations by multiplication with a 2 ϫ 3 matrix, which was derived from the phosphor emission spectra of our monitor and a set of cone fundamentals (Stockman et al 1993). To construct this matrix, we computed the pairwise dot products of the emission spectra of the three phosphors (R, G, and B) and the two fundamentals used in this study: S and LM.…”

Section: Color Spacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blue-Yellow Signals Are Enhanced by Spatiotemporal Luminance Contrast in Macaque V1

Horwitz

Chichilnisky

Albright

2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Blue-yellow signals are enhanced by spatiotemporal luminance contrast in macaque V1. J Neurophysiol 93: 2263-2278, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00743.2004. We measured the color tuning of a population of S-cone-driven V1 neurons in awake, fixating monkeys. Analysis of randomly chosen color stimuli that were effective in evoking action potentials showed that these neurons received opposite sign input from the S cones and a combination of L and M cones. Surprisingly, these cells also responded to LM cone contrast irrespective of polarity, a nonlinear sensitivity that was masked by conventional linear analysis methods. Taken together, these observations can be summarized in a nonlinear model that combines nonopponent and opponent signals such that luminance contrast enhances color processing. These findings indicate that important aspects of the cortical representation of color cannot be described by classical linear analysis, and reveal a possible neural correlate of perceptual color-luminance interactions. I N T R O D U C T I O NColor perception results from a complex neuronal computation. The early steps of this computation are well understood: the sensitivity of the cone photoreceptors to lights of various wavelength has been characterized thoroughly (Baylor et al. 1987;Wandell 1995) as has the subsequent synergistic and antagonistic combination of cone signals in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (Derrington et al. 1984;DeValois 1965; Gouras 1968). How color information is processed in cortex, however, is less clear. The goal of the current experiments was to extend our understanding of how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) combine signals that originate in the cones.One possibility is that V1 neurons combine cone signals linearly. This assumption has been made, either implicitly or explicitly, in studies that employ cone-isolating stimuli to estimate the weights with which cone inputs are integrated (Conway 2001;Johnson et al. 2001;Landisman and Ts'o 2002). While the linearity assumption is justified for many V1 neurons, it is clearly inappropriate for others (Conway 2001;Hanazawa et al. 2000;Hubel and Wiesel 1968;Lennie et al. 1990;Vautin and Dow 1985). For example, a V1 neuron that responds to S cone stimulation, but only when L-and M-cone excitations are appropriately balanced, does not integrate cone inputs linearly and thus cannot be characterized with coneisolating stimuli (Hanazawa et al. 2000).Recently developed data-analysis tools have provided new ways to characterize neurons that combine inputs nonlinearly (de Ruyter van Steveninck and Bialek 1988;Paninski 2003;Rust et al. 2004; Schwartz et al. 2001;Sharpee et al. 2004;Simoncelli et al. 2004;Touryan et al. 2002). Here we use one of these techniques to reveal a surprising nonlinear computation performed by blue-yellow neurons in V1.We excited V1 neurons in awake monkeys with a dynamic, randomly colored stimulus and analyzed the stimulus sequences that preceded spikes. Analysis proceeded in two steps. First, we computed the average stimulus ...

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“…Our analysis of the laminar placement of cells in V1 [51 characterized here, plus another 283 from data sets reported previously (Solomon et al, 2004a;Solomon and Lennie, 2005;Webb et al, 2005)] shows that moderately and strongly color-preferring cells [groups B and C of Solomon and Lennie (2005)], which have preferred azimuths distributed throughout the isoluminant plane, are encountered in cortical layers 2 through 6 (Lennie et al, 1990;Johnson et al, 2001). The strongly color-preferring cells aligned close to (within Ϯ22.5°) the L-M-axis were proportionally most common in layers 4c␤ and 6, those aligned close to the S-axis in layer 4a.…”

Section: Nature and Locus Of Fundamental Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Habituation Reveals Fundamental Chromatic Mechanisms in Striate Cortex of Macaque

Tailby¹,

Solomon²,

Dhruv³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

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Prolonged viewing of a chromatically modulated stimulus usually leads to changes in its appearance, and that of similar stimuli. These aftereffects of habituation have been thought to reflect the activity of two populations of neurons in visual cortex that have particular importance in color vision, one sensitive to red-green modulation, the other to blue-yellow, but they have not been identified. We show here, in recordings from macaque primary visual cortex (V1), that prolonged exposure to chromatic modulation reveals two fundamental mechanisms with distinctive chromatic signatures that match those of the mechanisms identified by perceptual observations. In nearly all neurons, these mechanisms contribute to both excitation and to regulatory gain controls, and as a result their habituation can have paradoxical effects on response. The mechanisms must be located near the input layers of V1, before their distinct chromatic signatures diffuse. Our observations suggest that the fundamental mechanisms do not give rise to two distinct L-M and S chromatic pathways. Rather, the mechanisms are better understood as stages in the elaboration of chromatic tuning, expressed in varying proportions in all cells in V1 (and beyond), and made accessible to physiological and perceptual investigation only through habituation.

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The Impact of Suppressive Surrounds on Chromatic Properties of Cortical Neurons

Cited by 99 publications

References 38 publications

Spatial Dependence of Color Assimilation by the Watercolor Effect

Spatial Dependence of Color Assimilation by the Watercolor Effect

Blue-Yellow Signals Are Enhanced by Spatiotemporal Luminance Contrast in Macaque V1

Habituation Reveals Fundamental Chromatic Mechanisms in Striate Cortex of Macaque

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