The impact of space and scale on conditional convergence: test results from the United States (1970–2004)

Tourism and regional income inequality: Evidence from China

“…Spatial effects are relatively unexplored in the convergence literature (James & Campbell, 2014). However, it is found that their influence on the convergence results is great, and neglecting spatial effects clouds the causes, speed and nature of the convergence process (Islam, 2003;James & Campbell, 2013;2014).…”

“…Previous literature shows that when spatial effects are incorporated into the convergence model, they tend to be significant and strongly influence the convergence speed (James & Campbell, 2013;Rey & Montouri, 1999). Most recently James and Campbell (2014) To account for spatial effects in tourism and economic growth, spatial Durbin models (SDM) have been used to capture the spatial interdependence in both dependent and explanatory variables (Yang & Fik, 2014). Moreover, SDMs may reduce estimation biases amplified by omitted variables due to the inclusion of the spatially lagged dependent variable (LeSage & Pace, 2009).…”

The spatial distribution and relationship of tourist flow in Turkey

“…These regional disparities in tourism development stem from many geographical, political, historical, economic and social factors. However, there is a lack of empirical studies focusing on spatial dimension of regional inequalities (James and Campbell, 2014;Rey, 2004) despite the sensitivity of spatial effects in tourism development. Regional disparities in Turkey is a long-debated issue and presence of spatial dualism between eastern and western regions of the country is highlighted in many tourism related studies (Sönmez, 1998;Seckelman, 2002;Tosun et al, 2003;Gezici and Hewings, 2004).…”